GNU Free Documentation License . .
- .

: ,
, . .

New Zealand
Aotearoa

: 41°3500 . . 173°0300 . . / 41.583333° . . 173.05° . . (G) (O)
: «God Defend New Zealand»
New Zealand (orthographic projection).svg
: 26 1907
: 11 1931 ( 25 1947)
: 13 1986 ( )
, ,
, , , , ,

-
-		 II


 % .		 74-
268 680 ²
2,1

(2012)
4 443 900 . (122-)
16,0 ./²

   (2008)
  
146,028 .[1] $ (58-)
34 121[1] $
 (2011) 0,908 ( ) (5-)
(NZD)
- .nz
+64
UTC +12
«God Save the Queen» .

́ ́ (. New Zealand, Aotearoa)  - , ( ) ( 700) .   . 4 377 000 ( 2010 ). .

XIXIV  , 1642 . 1762 . .   , (   1700 );   ( 1400 ), ( 1800 ) ( 1900 ).

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, , , , ́--́ ( Te Ika-a-Māui), «, ́».   , , . : ́ ́ ( Te Wai Pounamu) ́--́ ( Te Waka a Māui). « », «, », . XX ́ (Aotearoa (.)) , « » (ao = , tea = , roa = ), .

, , , «Staten Landt». Nova Zeelandia   (. Zeeland) Nieuw Zeeland[2]. , New Zealand, , . , , .

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:

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. . XIX

, XIXIV . , , ( Māori) ( Moriori). , .

́ ( Kupe), X . , . , . , .

, .

. : , .

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. , 1868 .
  19391945

(. Abel Janszoon Tasman) , 1642 .

(. James Cook) 1768 . , , , .

1840 - . (. William Hobson). 6 , [3]. , , . , , , .

, . , , . 6070- XIX (. New Zealand Land Wars), .

, (18 1845).

XX , ,   - . - . , . 1902 .

1850- , 90- . 1893 , .

1901 , 1907 . , , , , , 1947 . 25 (Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947). 1931 (Statute of Westminster 1931) . 1986 , 1986 (Constitution Act 1986).

. 19141918 103 000 ( 3 000 ). . 16 697 , 41 317 . ( ), 1962 .

, 3 1939 , . 2- 1940 8- . 140 000 , , , 100 000 . .

19481949 .

[]

.

, , , . 1951 () , . , .

1954 , , , , , - (), - .

, 1984 , . , . , , - , 1986 . - , .

, 1985 Rainbow Warrior, .

1987 .

, - .

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:

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II,

, . .

, .

, , 1846 , 1986 . , . . 1689 1852 . ( , 1986 , ).

, , .   , .

[]

[]

. 6 1952 II (Queen Elisabeth II, Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor). Ÿ   , , , (Elizabeth the Second, By the Grace of God, Queen of New Zealand and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith). «, » (. reign but not rule), , . , .   - ; [4]. , - , , 1926 .

[] -

, -

- (   - , Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in and over New Zealand), -, , . - . - , , . - , -, , , -. - , , . - [5]. 1967 - .

2011 - (Jerry Mateparae).

[]

( -) . . , . 1852 . .[6]

[]

(. New Zealand House of Representatives) 120 . , . - . 1951 . 1947 . , . 50- XX   1951 , ; ; .

[]

, - .

-[7]. - , ( , ) . - -[8].

, , - . « » , , -, , . - :

  • -
  • -
  • -
  • -

2008 - (John Key), .

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. -. . (. Cabinet ministers) , . , , . .

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  -. . (. Ministers of the Crown). , , - ( - ), , .

[]

,

- . (Supreme Court of New Zealand), 2004 . (Judicial Committee of the Privy Council) . , , (High Court of New Zealand), , (Court of Appeal of New Zealand).

, 66 (District Court), , , .

  (Family Court), (Youth Court), (Environment Court), (Employment Court) .

.

[]

[]

1996 , - (Mixed Member Proportional MMP).   (electorate vote) (party vote). . 5 % . . . - , [9].

, , . , 2008 .

, 18 , . (Permanent Resident) . .

[]

2008 20 , 10 . 15 . .

:

  • (The Labour Party of New Zealand)[10]
  • (National Party)[11]
  • (Progressive Party)[12]
  • (New Zealand First)[13]
  • (United Future New Zealand)[14]
  • (Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand)[15]
  • (Maori Party of Aotearoa New Zealand)[   333 ]

(Liberal Party), 1891 1927 , , .

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. (. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade) 49 41 .

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, , , , .

. , , . .

, , , .

. , .

, . .

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- , 2007

. , - , , .

, . , , . .

[16], . 1839 , . , , . , , , . , , , , .

[17]. , 2007 , , . .

[18], , . . () 2003 . , [19]. 2008 149  (   5,2  ,   143,8  )[20].

1944 . 1949 1973 . 19791991 , . 1991 . , , . , . , , , , . [21].

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/ : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

[]

, , .

Survey
[22], 2010 1 149
[23], 2011 5 187
[24], 2009 1 180
[25], 20092010 23 133
[26], 20102011 3 183

[]

[]

:

1:2. 1864 24 1902 . , . .   [27].

[]

:

1911 , 1956 . ,   . . . , , [28].

[]

:

  «, » (. God, Defend New Zealand) «, » (. God, Save the Queen). , «, » .

«, » 1870 (. Thomas Bracken). , 1876 , (. John Joseph Woods). , 1940 . 1977 .

«, » . , . , ,   [29].

[]

:

[]

,

- . ,   . ,   . . , 700 , . , , , , , . 268 680 ². , , . 15 134 .

  12- , 151 215 ². . , (43°3544.69 . . 170°0827.75 . . / 43.595747° . . 170.141042° . . (G) (O),   ) 3754 . 18 3000 . . . . , , .   - ( ).

, 115 777 ², 14- . , , , . (39°16 . . 175°34 . . / 39.266667° . . 175.566667° . . (G) (O)) 2797 . : . , . , 425 , .

[]

[]

. 75 % 200  . 1800  19 3000 . . .

[]

 

, ; . , , .   ; , 100   .

- , , , ; - .

600 1600 . , .

+10 °C , +16 °C .   ,   . , 14 °C. , 0,7 °C 100 .

, , + 15,1 °C, +30,5 °C, 2,5 °C. , , +12,8 °C, +31,1 °C, 1,9 °C[30].

, , . 2000 . . . . .

[]

 

, ,   . , . , , , .

. . , , 1855 , 1931 , 9 ² .

. , . , ,   , 5  .

- . 15 000, 250 [31]. 1855 , 8,2 ; 1931 , 256 [32].

- 6 , . 186  . . [33]. , . , .

[]

- . , , .

, , , , , . , ( ). , , , , , , , , , , , .

, 1997 , ( Pounamu) .

372 . 2002 10 [34].

308 . 2002 29 [34].

874  . 60- XX . 2002 2,4  [35].

68  ³. 1970 . 2005 50  ³[36].

14  , 1935 . [37]. 2005 7  [38].

, , XXI , . . 60 [39].

[]

. 1700 .   , , 1000 ; , , 8700 ; 2500 .

15 134    12 .   200 . 4 300 000 ²[40], 15 .

  - . - - . .

700 , 50  . 60 .

[]

. :  
 

. ( 50 ), , .   425 . 33 100  6 51 95 . 425 000 .

3 280 0,01 ²[41], 229 0,5 ²[41] 40  10 ²[42].   ( 623 ²),   (  462 )[43]. , .

  , (, , - .). 27 , 3 ; 52 ². 610  .

[]

19772001 327 ³, 85 ³/ [44]. 2001 320 ³, 70 ³, 400 ³ 613 ³[45].

. 1  . 85 % . 77 % [46].

[]

. :

  •   ( 15 % ).
  • -   ( , ).
  • Ƹ-   .
  • Ƹ-   .

[]

 
, (Strigops habroptilus)
()

, .

1000 , , . , (Phocarctos hookeri) (Arctocephalus forsteri).

, , (Rattus exulans) . , , , . XIX .

. , , , ( ), ( ), ( ). , , , , . , .

(Apterygiformes), . (Nestor notabilis) ( ), (Strigops habroptilus) ( ), (Notoronis hochstelteri) ( ).

500 (Dinornis), 3,5 . , 200 ,   , 3 15 .

, , (Sphenodon punctatus) (Scincidae).

, , (Erinaceus europaeus).

, .

29 , 8 [44]( , ). 3000 .

[]

2000 .

  . (Podocarpus). , , (Agathis australis) (Dacrydium cupressinum).

, 2  , (Pinus radiata), XIX . Kaingaroa Forest .

. 606 , 50 % .

, 523 .

70 (Myosotis), 30 . ,   Myosotis antarctica Myosotis capitata[47].

187 157  .

, , . (Cyathea dealbata) ( ) .

[]

,

(. Green and Clean New Zealand) 100 % (. 100% Pure New Zealand) [48]. .

2005 [49]. 2020 , , [50].

60 , , ( ), , , . 14 [51], 4 [52], 21 [53] 3000 . , , , 6,5  25 % [54].

, , 1922 170 , . , , . , .

[]

:
(2007)
1 294 000 36°5048.2 . . 174°4554.59 . . / 36.846722° . . 174.765164° . . (G) (O) ().png
379 000 41°1711.44 . . 174°4634.78 . . / 41.286511° . . 174.776328° . . (G) (O)
378 700 43°3153.89 . . 172°3811.92 . . / 43.531636° . . 172.636644° . . (G) (O)
163 900 37°4713.65 . . 175°1658.46 . . / 37.787125° . . 175.282906° . . (G) (O)
114 600 45°5228.41 . . 170°3012.2 . . / 45.874558° . . 170.503389° . . (G) (O)
114 200 37°4103.9 . . 176°1012.25 . . / 37.684417° . . 176.170069° . . (G) (O)
- 78 800 40°2120.69 . . 175°3643.88 . . / 40.355747° . . 175.612189° . . (G) (O)
64 600 39°3836.71 . . 176°5035.5 . . / 39.643531° . . 176.843194° . . (G) (O)
58 300 41°1614.83 . . 173°1702.4 . . / 41.270786° . . 173.284° . . (G) (O)
57 900 39°2911.08 . . 176°5458.61 . . / 39.486411° . . 176.916281° . . (G) (O)
55 500 38°0749.69 . . 176°1501.67 . . / 38.130469° . . 176.250464° . . (G) (O)
- 51 000 39°0328.99 . . 174°0435.16 . . / 39.058053° . . 174.076433° . . (G) (O)
50 900 35°4322.46 . . 174°1921.98 . . / 35.722906° . . 174.322772° . . (G) (O)
47 900 46°2447 . . 168°2124.79 . . / 46.413056° . . 168.356886° . . (G) (O)
39 800 39°5549.17 . . 175°0251.59 . . / 39.930325° . . 175.047664° . . (G) (O)
33 600 38°3958.97 . . 178°0133.42 . . / 38.666381° . . 178.02595° . . (G) (O)

[]

. , (New Zealand Standard Time NZST) 12 (UTC). (Chatham Standard Time CHAST) 12 45 . 13 NZST 13 45 CHAST.

[] -

:

, , . , 1876 . - , , , . . 1989 , (Regional Council) (Territorial Authorities).

[]

12 , . , 74 (16 , 57 ), , ,  . .

, :

() () () -- () () - () - () ( ) () () - ( ) ()

(²)
(.)(2008)
(/²)
1 13 941 154 700  11,10
2 5 048 1 414 800  280,30
3 25 598 402 200  15,71
4 -- 12 447 269 900  21,68
5 (1) 8 351 46 000  5,51
6 - 7 273 107 500  14,78
7 - 22 215 229 200  10,32
8 - 14 164 152 700  10,78
9 8 124 473 700  58,31
10 (1) 12 484 44 500  3,56
11 (1) 445 44 700  100,45
12 (1) 9 786 46 500  4,75
13 45 346 552 800  12,19
14 - 23 336 32 300  13,84
15 31 476 203 500  6,47
16 28 681 93 000  3,24
268 715 4 268 000 15,88

(1) , .

[]

9 , . 7 . . Area Outside Territorial Authority. , .

: .
Realm of New Zealand.png
( )
(²)
(2006)		 ()
33,08 (516) 29°16 . . 177°55 . . / 29.266667° . . 177.916667° . . (G) (O)
- (Ngamotukaraka, Manawa Tawhi) 4,86 ( ) (294) 34°09 . . 172°08 . . / 34.15° . . 172.133333° . . (G) (O)
/
(Wharekauri, Rekohu) 966,00 609 (294) 43°54 . . 176°32 . . / 43.9° . . 176.533333° . . (G) (O)
(Hautere) 0,70 ( ) (330) 46°34 . . 166°53 . . / 46.566667° . . 166.883333° . . (G) (O)
1,35 ( ) (88) 47°46 . . 179°02 . . / 47.766667° . . 179.033333° . . (G) (O)
(Tini Heke) 3,41 ( ) (152) 48°01 . . 166°32 . . / 48.016667° . . 166.533333° . . (G) (O)
20,97 (366) 49°41 . . 178°48 . . / 49.683333° . . 178.8° . . (G) (O)
(Motu Maha) 625,60 (705) 50°42 . . 166°05 . . / 50.7° . . 166.083333° . . (G) (O)
(Motu Ihupuku) 113,31 (569) 52°32 . . 169°09 . . / 52.533333° . . 169.15° . . (G) (O)
1769,28 609 (705)  

[]

:

().   16 . , . « » , , , . , , . , .   . 1923 1961 - , .

. - .

[]

:
 

1901 , - 1900 . 1965 , . , . , . , 20 [55].

[]

:
,

1926 , 10 . . 2006 2007 . , , , 2005 . 2003 . , [56].

[]

:

1901 . 1975 , , , , , . , , . . , . 2006 2007 , 2008 , [57].

[]

:

1923 , , , , , , . . , 1961 , ( ), - , . ( ) ̸ ()  [58].

[]

:

2010 4,353  [59].

, . 2006 , 67,6 %[60] . , , 14,6 % [61].   9,2 % 6,5 % [60].

36 . 2006 500 100 . 15 21,5 %[62].

2007 0,95 %[63]. 13,61 1000 [64],   7,54 1000 [65].

́ ( ) . ( 2000 , 375 000 [66]) ( 2001 50 000 , 17 % , [67]). , , , (. : ).

2006 , ́ , 56 %, ( 2001 60 %). , , . , . 35 % ( 2001 30 %)[68].

[]

, XIXIV , . 1642 , .

[]

. XVIII

1769 , . , , 100 000 . 1800 , 1830 2000 . , , . - , . . , , XIX , 1840 . , , , , , , 1896   42 000 [69].

. XIX

1840 , , , , . . , .

, , . , , . , . 1845 1872 , . 2000 . 14 000 ² .

. XIX

60- XIX   60 000 [69]. 20- XX , , 1921 1 200 000 .

, , . . 1858 . 1865 , . 1928 . 1935 ( 15 ) .

1867 , . 2008 ( 69) . .

1900 .

1928 .

  . XX

, , , , .

4070- XX , . 6070- , . 1975 , , 1977 , , , . - , . 2008 900  .

1987 .

[]

2006 [61][70].

14,6 % .   565 329 . 15 (19912006 ) 30 %. 47 % ( ). 51 %   , 49 %  . 35 %  15 . , ,  23 . , 24 ,   21 .

87 % 25 %  . .

23 % . 25 % .

4 % ( ). 39 % .

[] -

2008 50 % , , 42 % [71]. [72] [73].

. : # , #   #

.

[]

, .

, 96 % . , , . . 2006 (New Zealand Sign Language) .

[74] , . , . .

, 171 .   , , . , .

[]

  ,

( Te Reo Māori, --) 1987 . , , , , . , . .

. 150 .

[]

2006 [75].   , . , . 2006 25 .

[]

:

  , , . . , , , .

() 2007 112,7  , 58-60 [76].   54,36  [76]. 2007 26 300 , 21 [77]. 4,8 %. 2006 3,8 %[78]. 2006 59,08  (47- ), 11,7 . [79]. : 2008 19 [80].

2007   2,18  [81]. ( 65 %) . 2007   3,8 %[82].

.   , , - , .

[]

. , .

1840 . . 1840 , . 1881 , 48 . 1897 . , 6 . 1930 , (. Reserve Bank of New Zealands). , . 1967 .

5, 10, 20, 50 100 1 2 10, 20 50 .

[]

, . 2009 19 , 9 [83]. , . , KiwiBank . EFTPOS (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale), .

[]

. ( ), , , . [84].

2005 40  ;   8,6  , 4,2    ; 1,6  [85].

. - . , . .

(. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry)[86]. ,   .

[]

, . 200- .

2002 3,3  , 3 % [87]. 2006 1,3  .

, . . , , , .

130 . , , , , , , . 90 % .

[]

 

, , .   . 10 % , 15  [88].

. , 15 000 , . . 15 % . , , [89].

( ) . 800  [90].

[]

- , . , , .

200 [91].

38 [92]. , , 2004 300 [93].

140 ( 2006 ). [94].

. 129 36 70 220 . , . 7 % (2,7  ·) [95].

2006 41,5  ·. (56 %, 23  ·) . . 2006 21,3 % 13,1 % 8,8  · 5,4  · . , 2006 1,5 % [96].

, 2007 2006 2008 8 . 11 [97].

[]

, . 20 % . 2006 33  ( ) 37  [98].

, , . . 18 % , 14 % 4 % [99].

, 3,1  . , 3,1  . 1,7  [100].

( 2005 6,1  ), (4,2  ), (3,3  ). 70 % [101].

. 1966 , ( 1983 ) (Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement). C 2001 (New Zealand and Singapore Closer Economic Partnership). 2005 (New Zealand and Thailand Closer Economic Partnership). , (Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership). 2008 (New Zealand China Free Trade Agreement)

- ( ) . 2007 97,2  , 2008 149  . 2008 149  (   5,2  ,   143,8  )[20]. 2006 «», New Zealand Dairies Limited 115  .

[]

. , .

10 % . 18 000 , 10 % [102].

2006   2 422 000 . , 20 , 6,5  . . , 2006 , . , , , [103].

.   14 . . -, . , , , [104].

[]

. , , .

,
2008 [105]

(. New Zealand State Highway Network), 100 . Transit New Zealand.   SH1, . 92 000 .

3898  ( 500 ). ONTRACK. 1993 . 2003 , 2008 , [106].

, 1609  .

, . .

. , , , . , , -, , , . . , - .

, . 1994 .

113 . , 11 . 70 % [107]. [108] [109], 4 .

Air New Zealand . 11 , .   Air Nelson, Eagle Airways, Mount Cook Airline Freedom Air  .

. ( 1000 ), (160 ) (150 )

2000- . .

[]

 

, , . . 2006 110  ( ), . , , 20  . . 2006 19,5  , 10,7  [110].

( )[111]:

[]

- ,

. 1840 , 1862 , . 1865 , 1872 . 1876 , , . 1877 . 1906 . 1939 ( ). 1960 . 1971 . 1985 , 1986 . 1993 .

2009 4,245  , 99 % . 41 . 3,36  [112].

CDMA, 1X EV-DO, GSM, HSDPA, UMTS.

2009 986 , 1  [113].

[]

- , , , , . , . , , , . 25 .

. . , , .

[114].

[]

[]

, . .   .

[]

, XX , . , , [115]. « », « », « . , »,« . » «  » . , , , , - .

[]

 
- 

, . , (, Marae) . , .

. , , , . , XIX , XX . , . , . .

. 1931 , -, [116].

1997 -. 328  2007 [117].

[]

, . , XIX
. IX 

. , , . 1840 , 1900 .

, . «» .

, .

-́ ( ́, Tā moko) , , . , . , . . , . . , .

́ ́ ( Kapa Haka)  , , , . .   ( Poi)  , [118], ( Haka)  , All Blacks[119]. . . .

[]

2006 20 . New Zealand Herald[120], 195 000 . , 126 , . 2006 230 . Skywatch[121] New Zealand Womens Day[122].   500 000 130 000 .

Television New Zealand[123]. TV ONE[124] TV2[125]. 24 7 . . 2006 FreeView[126]. Māori Television[127], . SKY Television[128] HT Media. , TV3[129] C4[130].

1930- XX , 1960- . Radio New Zealand Te Reo Irirangi o Aotearoa[131]. : National[132], Concert[133] AM Network; Radio New Zealand International[134]; Radio New Zealand News[135] Current Affairs; [136]. Niu FM[137], National Pacific Radio Trust. 85 % . Māori Radio[138] 1989 . 21 , . 200 .

[]

,

(Royal Society of New Zealand)  60 - [139]. - (Crown Research Institutes)  , 1992 , - , , - [140]. , [141]. 2005 0,5 % . 11 % , [142].

, , , , , . .

[]

-

, 1852 . - [143] (Auckland War Memorial Museum). , -. 1865 , 1998 . 1.3  [144].

, , , , , . . 1.3  (31 % ) [145].

[]

1858 [146]. . , . . 40 % [147].

[]

All Blacks

. , . All Blacks . .[148][149]. 140 . , 520 , 2 [150].

1950-  1960- : . . 1961 , «» 1970- .

( 1920 , 1952 ). 34 , 15 32 [151]. , (1992), (1996) (2000) . - , 2 (1984 1988), (1992) (1988 2000), , (1960 1964).

. 1950 1990 . 2018 .   , . 525 ( 124 , 167 234 )[152].

. 1960 - -1, , . -1 1967 . 1 1960-1970- . . 1966 24 - Ford GT40.

2000 2003 Black Magic Team New Zealand , .

TSB Bank Arena (4650 [153]), Westpac Arena (9000 [154]) Vector Arena (12 000 [155]. 2011 60 000 . Stadium New Zealand.

, , . 17 18 % 2006 [156]. , , , ( ), [157].

[]

, . . .

(2- ) (1- ).

1  2
6
25
7 2010
4-
25
26

[]

(Apterygiformes) (. kiwi) (Cyathea dealbata), (. Silver Fern).

, 50- XX (Actinídia), , (. kiwifruit). , (. Kiwi) .

, .

[]

, , .   . 70- XX , . . - , , . , . , , , .

[]

[]

: (Childhood Services), (Primary and Secondary Education) (Tertiary Education) .

. . 60 % [158].

. , . , .

NCEA Level 1 , General Certificate of Secondary Education, Grade 10[159].

. 36 , 8 , 21 (. Institute of Technologies) (. Polytechnic). , 46 895 , [160].

. .

« », , , .

[]

 

(District Health Boards). 21 , . .

, (Primary Health Care). , , , ; , ; ; . , , , , .

(Primary Health Organisations), , - .

[161] (Ministry of Health). . . , , Accident Compensation Corporation[162] . . .

[]

:
- «»

(New Zealand Defence Force) :

  • (New Zealand Army),
  • - (Royal New Zealand Navy)
  • - (Royal New Zealand Air Force).

2006 , 9000 2230 .

-, . (Chief of Defence Force), .   . .

, 17 ( , 18 ).

1 % [163].

- (ANZUS), , .

, . - 1899 , . 19 .

, . I- . , - - , , ( ), , ).

, .

[]

(New Zealand Police)  .

1840 , . 1886 , (New Zealand Police Force).

(National Managers) , .   , 12 . , .

(Royal New Zealand Police College). 10 500 ( )[164].

. 2007 . , , .

, , , . , , . . .

, 60 % [165].

  111.

[]

(. New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, SIS, NZSIS)  - , 1956 . SIS , . - , . . 140 , ( 2006 ) 40  45  [166].

(. Government Communications Security Bureau, GCSB)  , . 1977 , . 2000 , . 300 , ( 2006 ) 40  .

GCSB . (. Waihopai) (. Tangimoana), ECHELON, UKUS SIGINT[167].

[] 2011

: (2011)
. :

6,3 22 2011 . . 147 . J.P. Morgan, 12  .

[]

- , . , . 67 . , 16 . . , , . ,   , . , , . [168].

[]

  Ÿ II,
-  ,
-  ,
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  • (Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu)  , [169]. Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu, « , , , , , , ».

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