Íîâûé Àìñòåðäàì
Íî́âûé Àìñòåðäà́ì (íèäåðë. Nieuw Amsterdam) â ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîå íàçâàíèå Íüþ-Éîðêà â 1626â1664 ãã.[1][2][3].
Ñîäåðæàíèå |
[ïðàâèòü] Èñòîðèÿ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ
 1602 ãîäó Ãåíåðàëüíûå Øòàòû Ðåñïóáëèêè Ñåìè Îáúåäèí¸ííûõ Ïðîâèíöèé (òàêæå Ñåìè Îáúåäèíåííûõ Íèäåðëàíäîâ, â ïðîñòîðå÷èè Ãîëëàíäñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè) îñíîâàëè Âåñò-Èíäñêóþ Êîìïàíèþ, ïîñòàâèâ ïåðåä íåé çàäà÷ó íàéòè Ñåâåðî-çàïàäíûé ïóòü â Àçèþ è ïðèñîåäèíèòü ê Íèäåðëàíäàì âíîâü îòêðûòûå òåððèòîðèè.
 1609 ãîäó ýêñïåäèöèÿ ýòîé êîìïàíèè ïîä íà÷àëîì àíãëèéñêîãî ìîðåïëàâàòåëÿ Ãåíðè Õàäñîíà (Ãóäçîíà) îòêðûëà, èññëåäîâàëà è ñîñòàâèëà êàðòó çàëèâà è äåëüòû ðåêè (ïîçäíåå ïîëó÷èâøèå èìÿ Ãóäçîíà) íà ìåñòå áóäóùåãî ãîðîäà. Ïåðâîå ïîñåëåíèå ïðîâèíöèè ïîÿâèëîñü íà Ãóáåðíàòîðñêîì îñòðîâå (àíãë. Governors Island) ïî ñîñåäñòâó ñ Ìàíõýòòåíîì â 1624 ãîäó, îòêóäà ïîçäíåå â 1625 ãîäó è áûë ïîñòðîåí Ôîðò Àìñòåðäàì.
[ïðàâèòü] Ðàçâèòèå ãîðîäà
Ïîñåëåíèå Íîâûé Àìñòåðäàì ïîëó÷èëî ñòàòóñ ãîðîäà â 1653 ãîäó ïîñëå ïîëó÷åíèÿ ìóíèöèïàëüíûõ ïðàâ. Îñíîâàòåëåì ãîðîäà ñ÷èòàåòñÿ âòîðîé äèðåêòîð Âåñò-Èíäñêîé êîìïàíèè Âèëëåì Âåðõþëñò (íèäåðë. Willem Verhulst), êîòîðûé âìåñòå ñî ñâîèìè ïîìîùíèêàìè â 1625 ãîäó âûáðàë îñòðîâ Ìàíõýòòåí â êà÷åñòâå îïòèìàëüíîãî ìåñòà çàêëàäêè ïîñòîÿííîãî ïîñåëåíèÿ.  òîò æå ãîä âîåííûé èíæåíåð Êðåéí Ôðåäåðèêñçîí âàí Ëîááðåõò (íèäåðë. Cryn Fredericksz. van Lobbrecht) çàëîæèë çäåñü êðåïîñòü ñ ôîðòîì Àìñòåðäàì â öåíòðàëüíîé å¸ ÷àñòè. ×òîáû çàùèòèòü ñîáñòâåííîñòü ïîñåëåíöåâ, ñîãëàñíî ãîëëàíäñêîìó çàêîíó, ãóáåðíàòîð Íîâîé Ãîëëàíäèè Ïåòåð Ìèíóèò (íèäåðë. Peter Minuit) â 1626 ãîäó âûêóïèë îñòðîâ Ìàíõýòòåí ó èíäåéñêîãî ïëåìåíè Ìàíàõàòòà çà âåùè, îöåí¸ííûå òîãäà â 60 ãóëüäåíîâ (24 äîëëàðà â òî âðåìÿ, ñóììà, ýêâèâàëåíòíàÿ ñåãîäíÿ 500â700 àìåðèêàíñêèì äîëëàðàì [1] (àíãë.)).
Õîðîøî óêðåïë¸ííûé ãîðîä íà þæíîé îêîíå÷íîñòè Ìàíõýòòåíà â äåëüòå ðåêè ïðèçâàí áûë îáåñïå÷èòü áåçîïàñíîñòü ðå÷íîãî ïðîõîäà ñóäàì Âåñò-Èíäñêîé êîìïàíèè, òîðãîâàâøèì â âåðõîâüÿõ ðåêè ïóøíèíîé ñ ìåñòíûìè èíäåéñêèìè ïëåìåíàìè. Êðîìå òîãî, îí äîëæåí áûë îõðàíÿòü ýêñêëþçèâíûé äîñòóï êîìïàíèè ê óñòüÿì ðåê Äåëàâýð (àíãë. Delaware River) è Êîííåêòèêóò (àíãë. Connecticut River).
Íîâûé Àìñòåðäàì âûðîñ â ñàìîå êðóïíîå ïîñåëåíèå â ïðîâèíöèè Íîâûõ Íèäåðëàíäîâ è îñòàâàëñÿ âî âëàñòè Ãîëëàíäñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè äî àâãóñòà 1664 ãîäà, êîãäà îí âðåìåííî ïåðåø¸ë â ðóêè àíãëè÷àí â ðåçóëüòàòå âîéíû. Àíãëèéñêèé êîðîëü Êàðë II (Charles II) â 1664 ãîäó ðåøèë ïðèñîåäèíèòü Íîâûå Íèäåðëàíäû ê ñâîèì âëàäåíèÿì â Ñåâåðíîé Àìåðèêå, îòäàë èõ â äàð ñâîåìó áðàòó Äæåéìñó, ãåðöîãó Éîðêà è Îëáàíè, ñòàâøåìó âïîñëåäñòâèè ßêîâîì II êîðîë¸ì Àíãëèè (James II Stuart, 1633â1701). Äæåéìñ ïîëó÷èë òèòóë Ëîðäà-âëàäåòåëÿ è ñíàðÿäèë õîðîøî âîîðóæ¸ííóþ ýêñïåäèöèþ èç ÷åòûð¸õ êîðàáëåé âî ãëàâå ñ Ðè÷àðäîì Íèêîëüñîì, ïðåäëîæèâ æèòåëÿì ïðîâèíöèè âìåñòå ñ ãóáåðíàòîðîì Ïèòåðîì Ñò¸éâåñàíòîì ïåðåäàòü ñâîè çåìëè àíãëèéñêîé êîðîíå.
 àâãóñòå 1673 ãîäà ãîëëàíäñêèé îòðÿä ÷èñëåííîñòüþ 600 ÷åëîâåê ïîä êîìàíäîâàíèåì êàïèòàíà Ýíòîíè Êîëâå (àíãë. Anthony Colve) çàõâàòèë Íüþ-Éîðê è îêðóæàþùóþ åãî òåððèòîðèþ. Îí íàçâàë ýòó îáëàñòü Íîâûé Îðàíæ â ÷åñòü Âèëüãåëüìà Îðàíñêîãî è ñòàë å¸ ãóáåðíàòîðîì.
Ãîëëàíäñêîå ïðàâëåíèå, îäíàêî, äëèëîñü íåäîëãî.  1674 ãîäó áûë ïîäïèñàí Âåñòìèíñòåðñêèé äîãîâîð 1674 ãîäà, ïî êîòîðîìó Íüþ-Éîðê áûë âîçâðàù¸í Àíãëèè.
[ïðàâèòü] Ñì. òàêæå
[ïðàâèòü] Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ
- â‘ Íîâûé Àìñòåðäàì â ñòàòüÿ èç Áîëüøîãî Ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêîãî ñëîâàðÿ
- â‘ Íîâûé Àìñòåðäàì â ñòàòüÿ èç Áîëüøîé ñîâåòñêîé ýíöèêëîïåäèè (3-å èçäàíèå)
- â‘ Íüþ-Éîðê â ñòàòüÿ èç Ñëîâàðÿ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ íàçâàíèé
[ïðàâèòü] Ññûëêè
- Hugh Morrison, Early American Architecture ISBN 0-486-25492-5 (Oxford University Press, 1952) [Dover Ed. 1987]
- Russell Shorto, The Island at the Center of the World, The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America ISBN 0-385-50349-0 (New York, Doubleday, 2004)
- New Amsterdam from the en:New Netherland Project
- From Van der Donck to Visscher: a 1648 view of New Amsterdam, discovered in Vienna in 1991
- Îáçîð èíäåéñêèõ ïëåì¸í ýòîé ìåñòíîñòè
