Êîëëåìáîëû
| Êîëëåìáîëû èëè Íîãîõâîñòêè | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Íàó÷íàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Ëàòèíñêîå íàçâàíèå | ||||||||||||
| Collembola Lubbock, 1870 | ||||||||||||
|
Êîëëåìáîëû, èëè íîãîõâîñòêè (Collembola, àíãë. Springtail) â îòäåëüíûé îòðÿä ÷ëåíèñòîíîãèõ (îêîëî 10 òûñ. âèäîâ). Ðàíåå ðàññìàòðèâàëñÿ êàê îòðÿä ïåðâè÷íî áåñêðûëûõ íàñåêîìûõ, îäíàêî â ñîâðåìåííîé êëàññèôèêàöèè îòíåñ¸í ê ÷ëåíèñòîíîãèì, èíîãäà ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ â ðàíãå êëàññà èëè ïîäêëàññà.
Ñîäåðæàíèå |
[ïðàâèòü] Îïèñàíèå
Ýòî øåñòèíîãèå ìèêðîàðòðîïîäû ðàçìåðîì 1â5 ìì (ðåêîðäû: îò 0,12 äî 17 ìì). Íàñåëÿþò, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, ïîäñòèëêó è ïî÷âó âî âñåõ ðåãèîíàõ Çåìëè. Ïî âíåøíåìó âèäó ÷¸òêî ðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà âûòÿíóòûõ, èíîãäà ÷åðâåîáðàçíûõ ÷ëåíèñòîáðþõèõ è øàðîîáðàçíûõ ñëèòíîáðþõèõ. Òàêæå äîâîëüíî ìíîãî÷èñëåííû è â äðóãèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ, òàêèõ êàê ñòâîëû äåðåâüåâ, ëèøàéíèêè. Õàðàêòåðíûõ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ìîæíî â ìàññå ïîâñòðå÷àòü íà ïîâåðõíîñòè âîäî¸ìîâ (Podura aquatica), â òðàâå (Sminthuridae), íà ñíåãó â ãîðàõ (Entomobrya nivalis).
Îòäåëüíî ñòîèò ñêàçàòü î êîëëåìáîëàõ, çàñåëÿþùèõ ïðèëèâíî-îòëèâíóþ çîíó íà ìîðñêîì áåðåãó, òàê êàê ó íèõ ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü ðÿä èíòåðåñíûõ ïðèñïîñîáëåíèé äëÿ æèçíè â äàííîì ìåñòîîáèòàíèè.
 ëàáîðàòîðíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ó 30 âèäîâ êîëëåìáîë îáíàðóæåíà çîîôàãèÿ íà ìåëêèõ ïî÷âåííûõ ÷åðâÿõ (íåìàòîäû, ýíõèòðåèäû)[1]
[ïðàâèòü] Ýâîëþöèÿ
Ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, ÷òî íîãîõâîñòêè âîçíèêëè â äåâîíå (îê. 420 ìëí ëåò íàçàä), îòêóäà èçâåñòíû èõ ïåðâûå ïàëåîíòîëîãè÷åñêèå íàõîäêè (Rhyniella praecusor).
Ïî äàííûì èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÄÍÊ [2] óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî Collembola ïðåäñòàâëÿþò îòäåëüíóþ ýâîëþöèîíóþ ëèíèþ â ñîñòàâå Hexapoda. Îäíàêî åñòü è îáðàòíûå äàííûå[3][4]. Òàêñîíîìè÷åñêèé óðîâåíü êîëëåìáîë âàðüèðóåò â çàâèñèìîñòè îò òîãî, ê êàêîé ãðóïïå èõ îòíîñÿò. Êîãäà èõ âêëþ÷àþò â ñîñòàâ êëàññà Íàñåêîìûå, òî èì ïðèäàþò óðîâåíü îòðÿäà; êàê ÷àñòü Entognatha îíè ïîëó÷àþò ñòàòóñ ïîäêëàññà. Åñëè æå èõ ðàññìàòðèâàòü êàê áàçàëüíóþ ëèíèþ ýâîëþöèè Hexapoda, òî îíè ñîîòâåòñòâóþò óðîâíþ îòäåëüíîãî êëàññà.
[ïðàâèòü] Çíà÷åíèå
 íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò èíòåðåñ êàê äëÿ ôóíäàìåíòàëüíîé íàóêè, òàê è äëÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ, ÿâëÿÿñü áèîèíäèêàòîðàìè ïðè âûÿâëåíèè çàãðÿçíåííîñòè ïî÷â. Íàïðèìåð, ñ ïîìîùüþ ïàðòåíãåíåòè÷åñêîãî âèäà èçîòîìèä Folsomia candida[5]. Ýòè òåñòû áûëè ñòàíäàðòèçèðîâàíû [6].
[ïðàâèòü] Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ
Âûäåëÿþò ñëåäóþùèå îòðÿäû è íàäñåìåéñòâà Êîëëåìáîë:
- Entomobryomorpha (ðàíåå Entomobryoidea â ñîñòàâå Arthropleona)
- Coenaletoidea
- Entomobryoidea
- Ñåìåéñòâî Paronellidae
- Ñåìåéñòâî Entomobryidae
- Isotomoidea
- Tomoceroidea
- Poduromorpha (ðàíåå Poduroidea â ñîñòàâå Arthropleona)
- Gulgastruroidea
- Hypogastruroidea
- Isotogastruroidea
- Neanuroidea
- Ñåìåéñòâî Brachystomellidae
- Ñåìåéñòâî Neanuridae
- Ñåìåéñòâî Odontellidae
- Onychiuroidea
- Ñåìåéñòâî Onychiuridae
- Ñåìåéñòâî Tullbergiidae
- Poduroidea
- Ñåìåéñòâî Poduridae
- Symphypleona
- Neelipleona (ñòàòóñ îñïàðèâàåòñÿ)
[ïðàâèòü] Ëèòåðàòóðà
- Ìàðòûíîâà Å. Ô. 2. Îòðÿä Collembola â Íîãîõâîñòêè. Ñòð.4083.  êí.: Ëåð Ï. À. 1986. Îïðåäåëèòåëü íàñåêîìûõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà CCCP. Òîì I. Ïåðâè÷íîáåñêðûëûå, ðàâíîêðûëûå, ñ íåïîëíûì ïðåâðàùåíèåì. â Ëåíèíãðàä. â Ñòð.1452.
- Îïðåäåëèòåëü êîëëåìáîë ôàóíû ÑÑÑÐ. â Ì.: Íàóêà, 1988. â 214 ñ. Ñîñòàâèòåëè: À. Á. Áàáåíêî, Í. À. Êóçíåöîâà è äð. ISBN 5-02-005245-0.
- Christiansen, K. et Bellinger, P. 1992. Insects of Hawaii. Volume 15. Collembola, Honolulu, p.1445.
- Christiansen, K. et Bellinger, P. 1998. The Collembola of North America North of the Rio Grande, A taxonomic analysis., Grinnell College, Iowa, p.11520.
- Hopkin, Stephen P. 1997. The Biology of the Collembola (Springtails): The Most Abundant Insects in the World. Ìóçåé åñòåñòâîçíàíèÿ (Ëîíäîí). PDF fulltext
- Lubbock, J. 1873. Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. Ray Society. London. p.1276.
- Mari Mutt, J.A. et Bellinger, P.F. 1990. A Catalog of the Neotropical Collembola, Including Nearctic Areas of Mexico., Florida. p.1237.
- Maynard, E.A. 1951. A Monograph of the Collembola or Springtail Insects of New York State., Comstock Publishing Company Inc., Ithaca, New York, 1951, p.1339.
- Palacios-Vargas, J.G. 1997. Catálogo de los Collembola de México., Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, p.1102.
[ïðàâèòü] Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ
- â‘ ×åðíîâà Í. Ì., À. È. Áîêîâà, Å. Â. Âàðøàâ, Í. Ï. Ãîëîùàïîâà, Þ. Þ. Ñàâåíêîâà. (2007). Çîîôàãèÿ ó êîëëåìáîë. // Çîîëîãè÷åñêèé æóðíàë. Òîì 86, â„–8, 2007, Ñ.899-911.
- â‘ Delsuc, Frédéric; Phillips, Matthew J. & Penny, David (2003): Comment on «Hexapod Origins: Monophyletic or Paraphyletic?» Science 301(5639): 1482. DOI:10.1126/science.1086558 PDF fulltext
- â‘ Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun & Luan, Yun-Xia (2008): Phylogenetic Relationships of Basal Hexapods Reconstructed from Nearly Complete 18S and 28S rRNA Gene Sequences. Zool. Sci. 25(11): 11391145. DOI:10.2108/zsj.25.1139 (HTML abstract)
- â‘ Hassanin, Alexandre (2006): Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: Strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38(1): 100116. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012 (HTML abstract)
- â‘ Fountain, M.T. & Hopkin, S.P. (2001): Continuous monitoring of Folsomia candida (Insecta: Collembola) in a metal exposure test. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 48(3): 275286. DOI:10.1006/eesa.2000.2007 (HTML abstract)
- â‘ ISO 11267 (1999): Soil quality. Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia candida) by soil pollutants. International Organization for Standardization. [1]
