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Îáñóæäåíèå:Ýíöèêëîíãè

Ìàòåðèàë èç Ýíöèêëîïåäèè â ñâîáîäíîé ýíöèêëîïåäèè
Ïåðåéòè ê: íàâèãàöèÿ, ïîèñê
Ýòî ñòðàíèöà îáñóæäåíèé è ïðåäëîæåíèé äëÿ ñòàòüè Ýíöèêëîíãè
Ïðàâèëà îáñóæäåíèé
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Ñòàòüÿ «Ýíöèêëîíãè» âõîäèò â îáùèé äëÿ âñåõ ÿçûêîâûõ ðàçäåëîâ Ýíöèêëîïåäèè ñïèñîê íåîáõîäèìûõ ñòàòåé.
Ÿ ðàçâèòèå âïëîòü äî ñòàòóñà èçáðàííîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ âàæíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì ðàáîòû ðóññêîãî ðàçäåëà Ýíöèêëîïåäèè.
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Ñòàòüÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ êàíäèäàòîì íà ðàáîòó íåäåëè.
Ïîääåðæàòü ýòó íîìèíàöèþ èëè äîáàâèòü êîììåíòàðèé ìîæíî íà ñòðàíèöå ïðîåêòà.
Ñòðàíèöà ñîõðàíåíà 2012-05-22
Ïîæàëóéñòà, äîáàâëÿéòå íîâûå òåìû ñíèçó.

Ñîäåðæàíèå


Igar1974 04:08, 29 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 (UTC)Àâòîðó äàííîé ñòàòüè, óòâåðæäàþùåìó, ÷òî Ýíöèêëîíãè ÿâëÿþòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñêàíäèíàâàìè òðåáóåòñÿ óäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíûì îáðàçîì îáúÿñíèòü ñëîâà ñàãè "Îá Îëàâå ñûíå Òðþããè", ãäå ãîâîðèòñÿ ".. Êîãäà îíè âûåõàëè íà âîñòîê â ìîðå, íà íèõ íàïàëè Ýíöèêëîíãè. Ýòî áûëè ýñòû ..", ëèáî ïðè÷èñëèòü è ýñòîâ ê ñêàíäèíàâàì.

Gedi 09:40, 19 àâãóñòà 2007 (UTC)

Gedi, çäåñü íå ìåñòî ÎÐÈÑÑ. Åâðîïåéñêèå èñòîðè÷åñêèå ýíöèêëîïåäèè, ëåêñèêîíû è ñïðàâî÷íèêè óêàçûâàþò, ÷òî Ýíöèêëîíãè - ýòî ïëåìåíà, æèâøèå íà òåððèòîðèÿõ ñîâðåìåííûõ (íàì) Äàíèè, Øâåöèè è Íîðâåãèè. Òî, ÷òî îíè ìîãëè âêëþ÷àòü â ñåáÿ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé è íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ ñîñåäíèõ ïëåìåí, â ïðèíöèïå íå îòðèöàåòñÿ.
  • Äàéòå, õîòÿ áû îäèí îðèãèíàëüíûé Åâðîïåéñêèé â íå Ñêàíäèíàâñêèé è íå Èñëàíäñêèé «èñòî÷íèê» çà VII - XII âåê, ãäå áû óïîìèíàëîñü ñëîâî â «Ýíöèêëîíãè»? Íå «íîðìàííû», íå «âàðÿãè»! À, ïî áóêâàì: «â è ê è í ã è»! â Ñ ýòîãî è ñëåäóåò íà÷èíàòü.

Íå ñîâñåì êîððåêòíî áûëî óêàçàíî, ÷òî Àñêîëüä íàïàë íà Êîíñòàíòèíîïîëü ñ òåððèòîðèè Óêðàèíû. Ñàìè òåðìèíû Ïîëüñêèå è Ìîñêîâñêèå Óêðàéíû ïîÿâèëñÿ ãîðàçäî ïîçæå, à íàçâàíèå Óêðàèíà, òåì áîëåå ïîçæå, ÷åì îïèñûâàåìûå â ñòàòüå âðåìåíà. Ìû æå íå ãîâîðèì î Êîíñòàíòèíîïîëå, ÷òî îí â òå âðåìåíà íàõîäèëñÿ â Òóðöèè. Igar1974 04:05, 29 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 (UTC)

Igar1974 04:09, 29 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 (UTC)


[ïðàâèòü] Ñóùåñòâóþåò ìíîæåñòâî èñòî÷íèêîâ, êðîìå "Ïîâåñòè âðåìåííûõ ëåò", â òîì ÷èñëå çàïàäíîåâðîïåéñêèå õðîíèêè, ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñêîïîê è äð.

89.254.222.215 16:37, 21 èþíÿ 2008 (UTC) 81.91.39.34 19:58, 9 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 (UTC)Denetron

Äîáàâëþ,÷òî íå ìîãó íàéòè ñâèäåòåëüñòâ îá îñíîâàíèè â 828 ãîäó Ýíöèêëîíãàìè ãîñóäàðñòâà Ðóñü â öåíòðîì â Êèåâå. È åñëè óæ àâòîð òàê áåçàïïåëÿöèîííî ãîâîðèò îá Ðþðèêå,òî óæ ïóòü ïðèäåðæèâàåòñÿ ÏÂË,÷òî Ðþðèê âàðÿã,òåõ ÷òî çîâóò Ðóñü. Åùå-èãíîðèðóåòñÿ äîêàçàííûé ôàêò,÷òî ïîä Ýíöèêëîíãàìè íà ñàìîé òåððèòîðèè ñêàíäèíàâèè çíàëè íå íàðîä,à áîåâûå äðóæèíû,íàïîäîáèå Íîâãîðîäñêèõ óøêóéíèêîâ.Áåç ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ê êàêîìó ëèáî ïëåìåíè. Ñóôôèêñ "èíã" íå äðåâíåãåðìàíñêèé,ñêîðåå êåëüòñêèé,äà è çàëèâû â ñêàíäèíàâèè çîâóòñÿ ôüåðäàìè. Äàíû âî âðåìåíà çàâîåâàíèÿ Àíãëèè áûëè èçâåñòíû êàê àíãëû,îòñþäà è íàçâàíèå ñòðàíû Àíãëèÿ. Êðîìå ýòîé ñòàòüè ìíå íåèçâåñòíû óñïåøíûå ïîõîäû êîííûõ Ýíöèêëîíãîâ,âàðÿãîâ,èëè óøêóéíèêîâ.Òÿæåëîâîîðóæåííàÿ êîííèöà íàñëåäèå ñíà÷àëî àëàíîâ,ïîòîì àâàðîâ ïðèíåñøèõ â åâðîïó ñòðåìåíà. Òàêæå áåçàïåëëÿöèîííî,êàê è àâòîð ñòàòüè ÿ ìîãó óòâåðæäàòü ÷òî ñëîâî âèòÿçü ïðîèçîøëî èç îñòðîâà Ðóãåí.Ãäå êàê èçâåñíî áûë èäîë Ñâÿòîâèòà.Èìÿ êîòîðîãî ìîæíî ïðî÷èòàòü êàê "ïî÷èòàåìûé âèòÿçü" èëè "íåèñòîâûé âèòÿçü"-áåðñåðê. 81.26.180.51 21:24, 28 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 (UTC) votum

òâîé Ðþðèê ñêàíäèíàâñêèõ êðîâåé îò ðîäó :Ð 77.41.49.235 19:17, 8 àïðåëÿ 2009 (UTC)Joker

Êàê ýòî "ñóôôèêñ "èíã" íå äðåâíåãåðìàíñêèé" ? âû â øêîëå àíãëèéñêèé ó÷èëè? åñëè íåò òî âñïîìíèòå õîòÿáû íàçâàíèå äèíàñòèé, òàêèõ êàê êàðîëèíãè íàïðèìåð. ñëîâî "âèê" îçíà÷àåò áóõòà, ãàâàíü, òîãäà êàê ôîüðä â "óçêèé, èçâèëèñòûé è ãëóáîêî âðåçàâøèéñÿ â ñóøó ìîðñêîé çàëèâ ñî ñêàëèñòûìè áåðåãàìè". Åñëè íå âåðèòå â ãåðìàíñêîå ïðîèñõîæäåíèå ñëîâà âèê, ïîñìîòðèòå, íàïðèìåð íà êàðòó Èñëàíäèè: Ðåéêüÿâèê, Êåáëàâèê è ïðîñòî Âèê. Àíãëû è äàíû íå îäèí íàðîä, àíãëû íà÷àëè ïåðåñåëÿòüñÿ â Áðèòàíèþ åù¸ â 5îì âåêå, òîãäà êàê íàáåãè äàíîâ îòîíîñÿòñÿ ê 9.--Arz 15:54, 30 èþíÿ 2009 (UTC)

[ïðàâèòü] Ýòèìîëîãèÿ

1945 ãîä íå ñîâñåì íîâàÿ òåîðèÿ. Êòî å¸ ñåé÷àñ ïðèäåðæèâàåòñÿ? ----

  • Íó, íàïðèìåð, òàê ëþáèìûé îòå÷àñòâåííûìè òîâàðèùàìè è ñ íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè ïîêîéíûé À.ß. Ãóðåâè÷, ñì. íà÷àëî êíèãè "Ïîõîäû Ýíöèêëîíãîâ". Òåì áîëåå, ÷òî ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèå òåîðèè ñðîêà äàâíîñòè íå èìåþò.User:Hlevov

Óâàæàåìûé, Ãóðåâè÷ - ýòî òàêàÿ îéêóìåíà â ñîâð. íîðäèñòèêå! Íàâåðíîå êîãäà îí â ìîëîäîñòè ó÷èëñÿ è çàùèùàëñÿ, ýòó âåðñèþ è ïîäõâàòèë. Ïîñìîòðèòå ïîñìîòðèòå ðàáîòû ñîâð. åâðîïåéñêèõ ãåðìàíèñòîâ - õîòÿ áû çà ïîñëåäíèå 20 ëåò. È íàéäèòå òàì õîòü îäíó ññûëêó íà Ãóðåâè÷à. À ïîêà ÷òî, ïîæàëóéñòà - ëèáî ñíîñêè íà ÀÈ, ëèáî ïðåäóïðåæäàþ: åùå ðàç ïîâòîðèòå ôèíò ñ "íàèáîëåå ïðàâäîïîäîáíîé" - áóäåòå ðàçáèðàòüñÿ ñ àäìèíèñòðàòîðàìè. ---- (Ñîâðåìåííûõ åâðîïåéñêèõ ãåðìàíèñòîâ â ñàìîé Åâðîïå èìåíóþò íå èíà÷å, êàê ðîìàíèñòàìè, à ïèñàòåëåé èñòîðèêî-ôàíòàñòîâ ó íàøèõ åâðî-ñîñåäåé, âñåãäà áîëåå ÷åì õâàòàëî, è çà ïîñëåäíèå äâàäöàòü ëåò òîëüêî åù¸ áîëüøå ïðèáàâèëîñü! È àâòîð äàííîé "êèíî-âåðñèè" òàê æå ïî-âèäèìîìó ïîïàëñÿ íà ðåêëàìó åâðî-óïàêîâêè ïîä íàçâàíèåì Ýíöèêëîíãè!)

  • Óâàæàåìûé, à àäìèíèñòðàòîðû â êà÷åñòâå àðãóìåíòà ìíåíèå ñîâðåìåííûõ îòå÷åñòâåííûõ äîêòîðîâ íàóê ïðèíèìàþò? Ïðîñòî íà ñåáÿ è êîëëåã ññûëàòüñÿ êðàéíå íåóäîáíî. Âñÿ ôèøêà â òîì, ÷òî òåîðèÿ Àñêåáåðãà èìåííî âåðíà, ÷òî áû Âû ïî ýòîìó ïîâîäó íè äóìàëè. Îíà ïîäðàçóìåâàåò èìåííî ñîöèàëüíûé àñïåêò ñîñòîÿíèÿ Ýíöèêëîíãà. Óæ êàê ðàç "Ýíöèêëîíã - æèòåëü çàëèâà" çâó÷èò âåñüìà ñìåõîòâîðíî è àðõàè÷íî.  ïëàíå æå äðåìó÷åñòè íàøåé ïóáëèêè íà òåìó ôèëîëîãèè (ëþáîé) ãîâîðèòü âîîáùå íå÷åãî: ó íàñ äî ñèõ ïîð Ýëüçó иñäàëü âñå ïåðåâîäÿò êàê Ðîýñäàëü è ò.ä... Íå âïîëíå ïîíÿë, êàê Âû òðàêòóåòå òåðìèí "îéêóìåíà" ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê À.ß.:)) Ó ìåíÿ ïî åãî ïîâîäó ñîáñòâåííûå è ëè÷íûå ñóæäåíèÿ :)))) User:Hlevov

"Ó÷åíèå Ìàðêñà âñåñèëüíî, ïîòîìó ÷òî îíî âåðíî"? Óâàæàåìûé, "æèòåëü çàëèâà" - ýòî "ñìåõîòâîðíûé" ìåñòíûé ðóññêèé ïåðåâîä. Åñòü áîëåå àäåêâàòíûå òîëêîâàíèÿ, â èçäàíèÿõ íå íà ðóññêîì ðàçóìååòñÿ. Åñëè âàì íå çíàêîìû - ñî÷óâñòâóþ. Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå ýòíîíèìà îò "ñîöèàëüíîãî àñïåêòà ñîñòîÿíèÿ"? Ýòî èíòåðåñíî. Êîíå÷íî, âàøå êàòåãîðè÷åñêîå ñóæäåíèå î "âåðíîñòè" îòíîñ. îäíîé èç ãèïîòåç â îáë-òè îíîìàñòèêè - õîðîøî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î âàøåì äîêòîðñòâå. Âàøè ñóæäåíèÿ äîëæíî áûòü èíòåðåñíû, íî â Ýíöèêëîïåäèè äðóãèå ïðàâèëà. Ñì. ÂÏ:×ÍßÂ, ÂÏ:ÎÐÈÑÑ. Åñëè âû äåéñòâèòåëüíî ðàáîòàåòå â äàííîé îáëàñòè, òî âàì, íàäåþñü, áóäåò íåòðóäíî âûëîæèòü åùå ïàðó èç èìåþùèõñÿ ãèïîòåç. Ëèáî âåñü ñïåêòð ïðåäñòàâëåíèé îá ýòèìîëîãèè "Ýíöèêëîíã". Æåëàþ óñïåõà!--85.233.5.2 09:20, 3 àâãóñòà 2009 (UTC)

  • Ïðàâäîïîäîáíûõ ãèïîòåç, óâû, íå áîëåå ÷åòûðåõ. È íè îäíà èç íèõ íå ìîæåò áûòü ïîäòâåðæäåíà íàâåðíÿêà. Ñîãëàñåí, ÷òî ëþáàÿ îíîìàñòèêà àïðèîðíî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñïîðíîé è çûáêîé ïî÷âîé äëÿ ðàññóæäåíèé. Âïðî÷åì, óïîòðåáëåíèå Âàìè (sic!) òåðìèíà "îíîìàñòèêà", êàê Âû è ñàìè, íàäåþñü, ïîíÿëè - àáñîëþòíî íåóìåñòíî. Îíîìàñòèêà - íàóêà î ËÈ×ÍÛÕ èìåíàõ. Ïðè ÷åì çäåñü Ýíöèêëîíãè? Àâòîðó, âåðîÿòíî âèäíåå. Î÷åâèäíî, ñòîèò ñíà÷àëà óñòàíîâèòü çíà÷åíèå ïðèìåíÿåìîãî ñëîâà õîòÿ áû äëÿ ñåáÿ ñàìîãî.

Îáùåèçâåñòíî (ñîððè, òîëüêî â êðóãó ñïåöèàëèñòîâ), ÷òî Ýíöèêëîíãè - òåðìèí íå ýòíè÷åñêèé, íå òåððèòîðèàëüíûé, íî ñóãóáî ñîöèàëüíûé: âðåìåííîå (íåñêîëüêî ëåò, ïîêà íå îñòåïåíèòñÿ è íå æåíèòñÿ) èëè ïîñòîÿííîå (ïîêà íå óáüþò, îòðàâÿò, çàðàçÿò ÷åì-ëèáî â Áóëãàðå, Íîâãîðîäå, Éîðêå èëè Ìèêëàãàðäå) ó÷àñòèå ÷åëîâåêà â òîðãîâûõ, âîåííûõ èëè ïîñåëåí÷åñêèõ ýêñïåäèöèÿõ çàñòàâëÿëî îêðóæàþùèõ ãîâîðèòü: "îí õîäèë â Ýíöèêëîíãè" (êàê íàøè äîìîðîùåííûå ïåðåâîä÷èêè áàþò - "â Ýíöèêëîíãñêèå ïîõîäû", ÷òî íåãðàìîòíî, óâû). Òàê ÷òî - èìåþùèé óøè - äà óñëûøèò...

À âîò íà ñâîè âîïðîñû îòâåòà ÿ òàê è íå óñëûøàë.
×òî óæ òóò îáñóæäàòü è êîììåíòèðîâàòü, êîãäà íàðîä âñåðüåç î Ýíöèêëîíãàõ-ñëàâÿíàõ ãîâîðèò â âåòêå è Ðþðèêà, áåäîëàãó, ïîñëå âñåõ-òî äåë ñ íèì è îáñóæäåíèÿ çà 225 ëåò ñåãî âîïðîñà ÷èñëèò ñ Ðþãåíà-îñòðîâà? Õîòü áû Ïîðôèðîãåíèòà ïî÷èòàëè, èëè Èáí-Ôàäëàíà, ÷òî-ëè. Ïðàâèëà Ýíöèêëîïåäèè, êîíå÷íî, îãî-ãî, à âîò íàäî áû ìíå ÷òî-òî ïðî ôèçèêó ÿäåðíóþ íàïèñàòü áóäåò. Ñ òåì æå óñïåõîì.
Çà îïåðàòèâíîñòü - ñïàñèáî. À âîò ïðî äîêòîðñòâî - çðÿ Âû òàê. Åñëè ðåêîíñòðóêòîð-òîëêèíèñò ïèøåò èñòîðè÷åñêèå òðóäû, òî ÷òî óäèâëÿòüñÿ, êàêèå ó íàñ þðèñòû è ýêîíîìèñòû. Äà - òåïåðü åùå ïñèõîëîãè.
  • Íó âîò, äëÿ îñîáî êðóïíûõ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â îáëàñòè ãåðìàíñêîé ôèëîëîãèè - ññûëêà è ïàññàæ èç òåêñòà:
http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/tvs/vol24/nr02/art01
"The interpretations of víkingr etc. can be divided into several morphological groups: a group with nominal *wīk- + -ing-, a group with nominal/verbal *wik- / wīk- + -ing-, and a group with verbal *wīk- + -ing-. The suffix -ing is very common in Germanic; it was used in word formation to denote persons and things having characteristics which are expressed by the word-element (a noun, an adjective, less frequently a verb) preceding the suffix.

The nominal element *wīk- can be identical with Old English wīc â˜dwelling place, lodging, house, village, town, camp, street, laneâ™, Dutch wijk â˜district in a townâ™. Old English wīc and Dutch wijk are commonly considered as loanwords from Latin: Latin vīcus means â˜district of a town; minor settlement, villageâ™. The original meaning of *wīking- in this interpretation is â˜inhabitant of a wīcâ™; the semantical development is supposed to be â˜inhabitant of a wīc ? â˜merchantâ™ â˜merchant / sailorâ™ â˜pirateâ™. In Dutch the words kopen â˜to buyâ™ and kapen â˜to act as a privateerâ™ differ only slightly; kopen is the Franconian continuation, kapen possibly the Frisian continuation of Germanic *kaup-, a loanword from Latin.[18] Admittedly, at least in Old English Eoforwicingas (â˜inhabitants of Eoforwic = Yorkâ™; recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A.D. 918) a derivational suffix -ing is attached to (Eofor)wic; it is, however, hardly likely that Scandinavian Vikings were named on the basis of marketplaces in England.

The nominal element *wīk- to which -ing- was added, can alternatively be identified with Old Norse vík â˜inlet, small bay, creekâ™ (Old English wīc â˜bay, creekâ™). If víkingar can be thought of as persons who preferred to stay in small bays or persons who used to go ashore in small bays or to make their raids from there, then the element *wīk- can be conceived as identical with Old Norse vík and Old English wīc â˜bay, etc.â™. In the absence of harbours with jetties, however, all sailors had to use bays as anchorage for their ships; therefore it is difficult to understand why Scandinavian pirates were named after a common anchoring habit. Even more important is that Vikings used to operate from islands.

A variant of the above interpretation does not refer to small bays used as anchorages or shelters in general, but to one single bay: Vík, the name of the Oslo Fjord in the South of Norway. In this view Vikings originally were inhabitants of the shores of Vík. Those who combine the word víkingar with the name of the Oslo Fjord have to make clear, how the designation of a small part of the Norwegian population can expand its meaning to denote all Scandinavian pirates; cf. p. 156.

The second group of interpretations combines a nominal and/or verbal *wik- / wīk- with ing-. Daggfeldt [19] linked in 1983 Old Norse víkingar (with long vowel í) with Scandinavian compounds as vikusjö, veckosjö â˜a seamileâ™ (with short vowel i or e < i); he compares also Old Norse vika sjáfar, Old Swedish vika siōfar, Old Swedish vika siō(s) â˜seamileâ™, i.e. â˜distance to be rowed between two shifts of oarsmenâ™. vikusjö is seen as the denotation of a distance after which the rowers on a (Viking) ship were relieved by another team. In this view víkingar originally were â˜long-distance rowers who row in shiftsâ™.

Holmâ™s opinion[20] is closely related to Daggfeldtâ™s. According to Holm víxl â˜changeâ™ is a derivation from víkja;[21] víkingr and víking are, according to Holm, derivations from the same root as víxl; Holm bases his interpretation of víkingr on three uncertain presuppositions: 1. the verb víkja, víka had an earlier second meaning â˜to changeâ™ (this meaning is not recorded, however); 2. masculine derivations with -ing- were made not only from weak verbs (i.e. verbs with preterite forms with a dental element), but also from strong verbs (i.e. verbs with preterite forms with vowel change in their first syllable, like víkja with its preterite form veik); 3. these derivations on -ing- were already possible before the Viking Period.

As pointed out by Holm himself, Old Norse masculine deverbatives on -ingr like hlutræningr â˜a person who is robbed of his shareâ™ and skiptingr â˜changeling, idiotâ™ belong to weak verbs and they often have a passive semantical content. An example of a masculine ing-derivation belonging to a strong verb, umrenningr â™vagrant, marauderâ™ (and its feminine counterpart umrenning f. â˜vagabondaryâ™) is less helpful, since the strong verb renna has partly mixed with the weak verb renna. Feminines on -ing belonging to strong verbs, however, are known (e.g., Old Norse heiting, plural heitingar â˜threats, imprecationsâ™), and for that reason Holm is inclined to suppose that at first a feminine víking existed and that afterwards a masculine víkingr was created. A weak point in Holmâ™s explanation, however, is the supposition that a deverbative masculine *wīking- existed already before the beginning of the Viking Period.

A third group of explanations links a verbal element *wīk- with the -ing-suffix. Most daring is the derivation of *wīking- from verbal *wīk- < *wīg-k- [22] (cf. Old Norse *vígka â˜to fight as a habitâ™, derivated with a k-suffix[23] from víg â˜battleâ™[24]); the reconstruction requires an ad-hoc sound-law gk > k; moreover, a verb *vígka is not attested in Old Norse. So interpreting the word viking as originally denoting a professional fighter is rather hypothetical, if not hazardous.

Another â˜solutionâ™ is the interpretation of *wīking- as a derivation from *wīka- â˜to give wayâ™, a so-called strong verb, or any of its â˜strongâ™ side-forms: Old Norse víkja and Old Norse víkva (both with preterite singular veik, plural vikum) â˜to move, to turn, to go, to trendâ™. In this view a viking originally was â˜a person who moves, who goes (aside), a person who travels abroadâ™. The number of ing-derivations from strong verbs, however, is confined.

Askeberg preferred a derivation not from a verb, but from a noun vík f. *â˜deviation, being abroadâ™, belonging to the verb víkja â˜to turn asideâ™: víkingr as â˜a person who makes a deviationâ™, i.e. â˜a person who goes away from home, who is abroadâ™[25]. De Vries is of the opinion that this interpretation is not very likely.[26]

For morphological reasons, for syntactical reasons (constructions in so-called Scaldic poetry, as Vikinga skeiðar â˜ships of the Vikingsâ™ comparable to constructions as dana skeiðar â˜ships of the Danesâ™, showing an ethnonym) and for reasons of content of so-called Scaldic poetry, Hellberg prefers the interpretation of víkingr as a designation of the origin of people, víkingr = inhabitant of the Oslo Fjord.[27] The meaning â˜pirateâ™ in 12th- and 13th-century literature is, according to Hellberg, due to influence from English religious literature, where víkingr was used in a negative sense.[28]

Favourable to Hellbergâ™s interpretation is Old English Wīcingas occurring in Widsith, a poem commonly dated in the late-seventh century. The word can be found twice, in different forms, as can be seen from the quotations made above; the formal difference depends on the structure of the sentences. The context of the second Widsith quotation shows that Wīcingas are conceived as a tribe between other tribes. Swedes, Geats, Danes, Verns (Latin: Varini) and Vendels (Latin: Vandili) all once lived either in or close to Scandinavia; thus, the conjecture that the Wīcingas settled somewhere in the same area lies near at hand.

Several arguments can be adduced against an interpretation â˜men from the Oslo Fjordâ™. First, the female noun víking f. â˜plundering, feebooting voyageâ™ would not fit in. Second, in ninth-century Carolingian France, people from the Oslo Fjord area are called Westfaldingi. Third, people from the Oslo Fjord are called víkverjar, or -verir elsewhere, e.g. in Scaldic poetry and in prose (ca A.D. 1150). The second objection can be easily disposed of: Westfaldingi possibly refers to Vestfold only, the region west of the Oslo Fjord, the region east of the Oslo Fjord being called Østfold; therefore, Wīcingas would be a perfect designation of all the inhabitants of the Oslo Fjord region.

It looks as if *wīkinga-z is an early word, even older than 793, the beginning of a Viking presence on the English coast. The least problematic etymology of viking is the derivation from Vik- â˜Oslo Fjordâ™,[29] which morphologically does not cause any problem; as to the semantical development â˜inhabitant of a certain regionâ™ ? â˜person with a certain way of livingâ™ Hellberg adduces a few parallels, e.g. slave, vandal.[30]

Besteman points out that in the Carolingian Period, the word Frisian, originally an ethnonym, more and more developed a secondary meaning â˜merchant, traderâ™.[31] This leads to the second best etymology: viking is a derivation from wīc- â˜market placeâ™, Vikings originally being traders, getting hold of their commodities not only by trade in the proper sense, but also, and sometimes preferably, by plundering.

Whatever the wordâ™s descent and its original meaning may be, an influential Dutch publication should be mentioned, a book that with respect to the Dutch designation of the Vikings is rather misleading: the official Woordenlijst Nederlandse taal.[32] This Woordenlijst put an end to the alternative spelling encing (with w- besides the spelling viking). This is regrettable, because Dutch words with a common Germanic background and having parallels in Old Germanic languages with an initial sequence w + vowel, normally have initial w + vowel in Modern Dutch as well.


Jan de Vries, the well-known Dutch scholar of Old Germanic culture, language and literature, wrote a book in 1923 with special attention to Viking activities in the Low Countries.[33] More books in Dutch on Vikings have been published, but they were translations from other languages, and they did not focus on the Low Countries.

Rather unexpectedly, a few years ago an archaeological find made clear that Vikings not only took away objects from the Netherlands, but that they also brought valuables or at least left them here. A silver hoard, discovered in 1996 on the former Isle of Wieringen in the Northwestern part of the Netherlands and described by Besteman,[34] leads us to the middle of the ninth century. The silver hoard had a weight of 1.7 kg. Among the objects were seven bracelets, one of them being of twisted silver; other objects include a necklace, 16 ingots (bars) of silver [together ca 750 grams], and 78 Carolingian coins.[35] The necklace, the bracelet of twisted silver, the 16 bars of silver and some other objects point to Scandinavia, especially Denmark.[36] On the basis of the coins Besteman dated the deposit about 850 A.D. Besteman argues that the deposit must have belonged to a Dane who, at least temporarily, settled on the Isle of Wieringen.

In 1995 a book on âEarly Medieval circular fortresses in Zeelandâ, written by several authors, mainly archaeologists, linked the circular fortresses in the province of Zeeland with the Viking threats in the last quarter of the 9th century.[37] Maybe a revival of scientific interest in Viking activities in the Low Countries is dawning.

In 1996 Raymond ten Berge published a booklet, that had a question as its title: âWere the people of Drenthe and part of the people of Groningen Vikings?â; an enlarged edition with a slightly altered title appeared shortly after.[38] Surprising is Ten Bergeâ™s view on Viking activities in the Northern Netherlands. In his discussion of several aspects of mediaeval history of the province of Drenthe Ten Berge shows no doubt as to the origin of the word viking. He is of the opinion that the Dutch word viking is a derivation of the verb wīken and points out that in the story of the conversion of parts of Western Flanders by Saint Amand it is told that certain people tried to escape from being converted to Christianity by going away (wīken);[39] the source, which is mentioned by Ten Berge, in 1997but not in 1996, appears to be a Middle Dutch text. Wīken in the meaning â˜to withdraw, to duck out of somethingâ™ is recorded only once by the Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, in the text about Saint Amand.[40]

Ten Berge is convinced that Vikings originated at the end of the eighth century. In those days Charlemagne tried to christianize the Old Saxons (and those Frisians who still were pagans); many Saxons fled, possibly in the company of Frisian merchants, to Scandinavia. In Ten Bergeâ™s vision these Old Saxons came back and took avenge on churches, monasteries and other Christian institutions and on the Christians themselves.[41] In Scandinavia these Saxons had been influenced linguistically, as can be seen, at least in Ten Bergeâ™s opinion, from Viking place-names in England, e.g. place-names on -by. Some place-names in Drenthe are interpreted by Ten Berge as being Scandinavian as well, esp. Norwegian; those names supposedly were given to places in the North of Drenthe by people who came back to Drenthe after a long stay in Scandinavia (esp. Norway).[42]

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