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́ ́ (. Perca fluviatilis; ́ , ́ ) , . ( ), , . , .
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. 1761 Perca vulgaris[2]. , Perca fluviatilis , , [4]. 1828 Perca italica. . . 1854 Perca helvetica[2]. Perca fluviatilis. XIX , XX [5]. Perca fluviatilis . . (1951 )[6], [7].
, , 20 50 . , - [8].
( XXI ) Perca fluviatilis , , , [9].
[] Perca ()
Perca flavescens [10].
Perca fluviatilis Perca flavescens[6][11]:
Perca fluviatilis Perca schrenkii[6][12]:
[]
. , , 1837 Perca fluviatilis nigrescens. . . 1893 3 : Perca fluviatilis aurea, Perca fluviatilis gibba, Perca fluviatilis maculata. . 1924 Perca fluviatilis macedonica. 1933 . . Perca fluviatilis phragmiteti. . . 1951 ( ) Perca fluviatilis gracilis. . . 1955 Perca fluviatilis zaissanica ( ). 1963 Perca fluviatilis intermedius. [2]. , [13].
[]
[14][15]. . 61 [16]. , , , [6]. , [17].
, , . , , . (, ) , [18]. , , [19].
. . , (2007 )[20]. , . . , , , (1931 )[21].
, , , , . «», «» «» , «» «» . , 1951 . . Perca fluviatilis gracilis, Perca fluviatilis var. macrophthalma Perca fluviatilis var. maculata[6]. , [22], , , [6]. , [23]. . , . . . , [22]. , , [24]. , [25].
1930 . . 410 ( )[5][21]. « » . . [12]. . . 1934 , [5]. , 83 % , 42 %[23]. . . 140 , : 125 15 [22]. [26], [27]. (, [28] [26]).
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, , . . : . sharmak, . perch, . ғ, . ́, . ́, ́, . sügér, . baars, . aborre, . peirse, . aborri, . perca, . persico, . ešerys, . ostriz, . Barsch, . abbor, . okoń, . perca, . biban, . һ, . , , . ostriež, . , . ́, . ahven, . perche, . okoun, . abborre, . ahven[29].
Perca fluviatilis . (river perch) (European perch), ( ), csapó sügér, (Flußbarsch), (europæisk aborre) (almindelig aborre), (perca europea), (persico reale), (perca-europeia), ( ), (perche commune) (perche européenne), (okoun říční), (Eurasian perch, ), (redfin perch) (English perch), (European perch)[29].
1704 , ( XVII ). 1495 . ( , , , , , , , ). , oko . - ( , )[30], - , . , *ak' [31][32][33].
, , , : ́. , . [34].
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() (Sander) (Gymnocephalus) 25 , (Perca schrenkii) 57 [35]. :
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2004 (.) ( ). (2300 ), , 5001000 [36].
. . (Gymnocephalus cernuus) (1949 )[37]. , ( ) [38]. (Perca schrenkii) , ( )[38].
[]
[] ,
, 50 , 2 , . 1945 Chiddingstone Castle () 5,91 [39].
. (, , , - [40], ). . . , XIX , , ( ), ( ), ( ), , [34]. , .
1520 [25]. , 6 31 93 97 % [41].
, , . (- ) , 10 45,5 % , (- ) 1,5 %[40].
. . [44].
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, . - , 5 9[45]; . , , . . , . . , -, , , - . . 12 16 , 1217 , 711 [45][46]. ,
[47]. .
53 77 [48]. 710 , 12 21[48]. ٸ , . , [49]. 3844[45]. 1629[45].
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, , [51]. [47]. . . , - [52].
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- ,
- ,
- ,
- [53].
[]
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, , , , , ( ), , . , , , -, , . (, [54] [55]), ( (.) [56]), ( [57]), [58], , ( )[37]. ( ), . ( ), , , [37] ()[43]. 74° . . 168° . .[42], [37]. [34]. , [45].
[]
XIX XX ( ) . , , , , , , , [25][58]. , [59]. , , , [42].
:
- XVIII ( XXI , )[60].
- 1860 [60].
- 1862 , 1868 [61] [62].
- 1915 [59].
- 1939 [60].
- 1955 , [45].
- 1960- , [25].
- 1971 [60].
- 1970- [60]. ( 1999 ) [63]. Asipiorhynchus laticeps[64].
- 1980 Fierza (.) ( ). , [65].
(), (, )[66], - ( )[67]. [68].
[]
, [69]. , 1862 , 11 . [70][71]. 1868 : 10 7 (.). ( )[61][69]. 1888 [69]. 1890- ( )[72]. 1900- [61].
, . , 2 . . - [64][72]. - 300 . , , [64]. , , : 910 [73][74].
( 2008 ) , , , , [75]. (.) , (.), , (.), (.), (.), (.), (.) (.)[76]. [61]. [77]. - (, -) - EHNV[77].
, . : Maccullochella peelii peelii (.), Macquaria ambigua (.), Maccullochella macquariensis (.). - , : (.), (.), (.), Edelia obscura (.), Edelia vittata (.), Maccullochella macquariensis (.), Galaxiella pusilla (.), Galaxiella munda (.), Hypseleotris klunzingeri (.), Bostockia porosa[60][78][79]. Bidyanus bidyanus (.) Nematalosa erebi (.)[80]. Galaxias fontanus (.)[81].
[]
1864 , 200 , , [82]. 18681878 , , , , [82]. 1870- , 1892 2 [82]. , [83][84]. , , Mahmerangi [85].
2006 , 144 , 21 45 [86], , . , , -, , , , , (.)[62]. Gobiomorphus cotidianus (.)[87].
67,5 , 4 [87].
[]
1896 [88]. 1915 . . 1926 [88]. , . [59].
( 2001 ) , , [88]. , , 1305 [89].
[]
: , , , ( 1000 )[90]. barbel zone ( ) bream zone ( )[91]. . , , , , (, , )[42], (-) , [5]. , 57 , , 22,5 [92]. , - .
. , 1932 1311 , 97 % [23]. 1960 420 - , 383 [40]. : 865 [41].
, , . , [52]. pH 7,07,5[42], (dH) 812[42], 1022 °[42]. , 13 19 °[41]. 3031 °C[93].
( ): (Windermere) (), ( )[94], [95]. [96]. , ( 1990 )[95].
Fishbase.org , 30 [42]. , , 80 [97] [34].
, [98].
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. ( 10 ), 100 [99]. , . , . : , , , [100]. 0,66 /[101]. , . , , . , [99]. . , .
- , . [41]. , , [102][103]. , [102], . , [104].
, ; , ( 254 ) 5 25 [97].
, . , [41].
; , . , [51].
( [99]), [100]. , . . , , , , 42 69 [97].
, , , [105].
. , ( 20 )[41].
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[107]. , , [108]. 78 °[25], , [25]. [74], [62]. [108].
[66], , , [42]. ( ) . , [40]. [107].
12300 [25]. , , . , (, , ), [53]. 45 ( 9)[109].
, 25[107]. , ( 1 ) , , , . 0,2 1,5 [40]. [110]. ( 56 %[111]), 22,5 ( 1 )[25][112]. , , [113]. , . (Suomunjärvi) () , 8 % ( ), 0,05 %[114].
, , , (1018 °C)[115]. , [116].
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110 1517 °C , [116]. 180 [116]. ( ), 6 [25]. , [117].
4,56 [118]. 66,5 [118]. , , . , ( , ), [119]. , , , , , , , [119].
[116]. ( ), [120]. [120]. 14 [121].
1220 °[120]. , , . [122]. 34 , ( , ), , , , [123][124][125]. , , 1990- . , , [120].
7 , , . 89 , , , . 1011 , , . 1215 , . 1517 [126].
1520 , 2025 [126].
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, , , ( )[25].
, , , , 4 [25]. 15 . [129]. ( , , - 58 )[40].
. , 24 , 6 28 [130].
[13][131], , . (, ) [132]. , - . , - . [133]. , ( ) . ( ) , 15 [134]. , , ( ), ( )[135]. , [25]. [25]. [34].
| [136] | 1982 | 49 % | 50 % | ||
| ( )[136] | 1981 | 32 % | 65 % | 2 % | |
| [137] | 1956 | 2 % | 97 % | 1 % | |
| [137] | 19751977 | 42 % | 47 % | 11 % | |
| ( )[135] | 1986 | 72 % | 20 % | 8 % | |
| ( )[135] | 19841986 | 88 % | 11 % | 1 % | |
| - ( ) ( )[135] | 19841986 | 60 % | 38 % | 2 % | |
| - ( ) ( )[135] | 19841986 | 32 % | 66 % | 2 % | |
| ( )[135] | 19831985 | 1 % | 99 % | ||
| ( )[135] | 1986 | 38 % | 61 % | 1 % | |
| (Selwyn), [138] | 19741975 | 2 % | 98 % | ||
| - (Loch Kinord) - (Loch Davan), ( )[136] | 1980- | 78 % | 22 % | ||
| - -, ( )[136] | 1980- | 11 % | 89 % | 1 % | |
| (Volkerak), (3- )[139] | 1991 | 7,7 % | 83 % | 9,3 % | |
| , (6- )[139] | 1991 | 97,7 % | 2,3 % | ||
| , (2- )[26] | 1985 | 97 % | 3 % | ||
| , (3- )[26] | 1985 | 39 % | 61 % | ||
, , . : , , . XX , [140]. , , , , , , . Gobiomorphus cotidianus[87][138].
, [141]. , 19831984 20 % [137], 19751977 6 % [137].
, , . , , , [142].
. , , [143]. , , . , [144]. . . [135].
, (, )[145].
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. , [146]. . , 5 , 6 20 [25]. , , 12 , 35 [45].
( ) , [62]. , - , [147][148]. , , [147].
. , 1950- , . 1970- [149]. 1980- , [149]. , [135]. , [150].
(Pounui)[83]:


(),
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| ()[43] | 1983 | ![]() |
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| (Pounui), ()[83] | 19741975 | ![]() |
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| (Karhujärvi), (Evo), , [152] |
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, , , 17 °C 110 , 24 °C 160 [103]. , [46]. , , , ́ , [143].
. , 23 [25][107], , 45 [153]. , , ( ), () ( ), , 1 [5][154]. 6 [154], 7 [43]. [155].
, , . 13 , , , , [5]. 51 2,1 [47].
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, . , , , , , [156].
. , 1960- 10 80 % 55 % , 1990- [157]. , , Großer Vätersee () 50 %[158].
(, , , )[51].
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. , , Mastigophora (, 1 ), Myxosporidia ( , 8 ), Ciliophora (, 15 ), Myzozoa (, 1 ), Platyhelminthes ( , 21 ), Nematoda ( , 6 ), Acanthocephala (, 7 ), Annelida ( , 1 ), Mollusca (, 1 Unionidae () ), Arthropoda (, 6 Crustacea )[159]. Apiosoma robustum, Apiosoma piscicolum ssp. perci, Chilodonella cyprini, Chilodonella hexasticha, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodinella epizootica[160], Dermocystidium percae, Ancyrocephalus percae, Bunodera lucipercae, Protheocephalus dubius[161]. , , , , , , , , [159]. , , , , , , , , , , , , , [159]. 1993 83 () , 25 [160].
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . [162].
, Diphyllobothrium latum ( Diphyllobothriidae). , , [162]. ( ) Rossicotrema donica.
( ). , Hepaticola petruschewskii ( Capillariidae), . , , . , . ( ) 0,20,7 , . . . , , , . , . 610 . , . [162]. Trypanosoma percae, , , [163].
, Perch rhabdovirus, 1984 [164]. . , . , , , . , [165]. EHNV (epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus). : (Oncorhynchus mykiss), [166]. , , , , , . - [167].
[]
. , , , . XX .
.
| [114] | 1975 | 2004900 | ||
| , [114] | 1965 | 202590 | ||
| , [114] | 19411976 | 1255950 | ||
| Klíčava, [114] | 1968 | 149 | ||
| (Suomunjärvi), [114] | 19741975 | 312 | ||
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[42], 1,44,4 [42]. , , , pH, , .
, - [170]. , [171]. , , , [172].
3 /[173]. , , , [174]. , , , [175]. : 15 °C , 0,4 /, 25 °C 1,4 /[176]. , , , . , , [176].
( ) 2009 [177], 5 () - 1967 [178].
. [179].
XX , pH. ( . . , . . ), pH [40][180]. . . - (pH = 4,0), [40]. ( . . , E. Heibo, M. Rask), , , [181]. E. Heibo , [154]. M. Rask 1981 (Karhujärvi) (), pH 4,2[152]. [181]. [182]. (, ) pH ( ), pH 9,2[183].
( ) [184].
[]
[]
, . [5].
. . (. Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO) , 5 715 (2007 )[186].
( FAO)[187]
( , )
| 1950- | 1960- | 1970- | 1980- | 1990- | 20002008 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4010 | 6170 | 8040 | 20 827 | 17 379 | 13 648 | 22 755 (1980) | |
| 3394 | 6209 | 7944 (2003) | |||||
| 1076 | 1143 | 1680 (2006) | |||||
| 129 | 320 | 167 | 526 | 962 | 961 | 1584 (1997) | |
| 740 | 612 | 771 | 911 | 429 | 1407 (1992) | ||
| 713 | 425[188] | 1167 (1991) | |||||
| 1230 | 1590 | 1708 | 934 | 583 | 319 | 1950 (1977) | |
| 390 | 311 | 242 | 283 | 337 | 230 | 500 (1950, 1951) | |
| 189 | 494 | 594 | 318 | 143 | 848 (1981) |
. 30 200300 46 [25]. [189], ( )[120], ()[43], 1950- ( ) [5]. , , 0,13 [40].
, , [190]. 40 80 . 35 , [190].
[189]. , .
| , (2003 )[191] | |||||
| 3,9 | 0,3 | 0,3 | 0,2 | 0,7 | 1,0 |
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. « » (1847 ) : « , »[193] - [189]. 2006 - 13 400 ( )[194]. , [195][196]. ; , () [197]. D. Rowe, 6,87 [198].
, . ; , , , [199]. , [34]. . ( 1,35 ) 1900 1988 , 32 % , 26 % , 17 % , 9 % , 6 % , 9 % [200]. : , , , , , , . .
47 , 0,08 № 20[201]. , (). , , , , . , . ( ) [201]. [34].
XX . , , [202]. 2,4 - ( ) 12 [203]. [204]. , . , , , , , [205][206]. ; , , - , . [207], (№ 00 ) ( 57 )[208]. [209]. 2,5 7 [210]. . , [211]. . , , , -, . , , . 4 , , . . . - . , . , , , [212].
, , , , . -[213]. , , , [214]. () ( ), [215]. , , : , , tight-corking[216][217]. , , [218]. : , . , , , , , [219].
, , (. International Game Fish Association), 1,5 . Eidsvoll - 1998 [220]. , [221][222].
; , , , « ». [223]. 2005 [224].
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; , XX [5]. , , ; , 2009 [225].
. , , , . . 137Cs 90Sr [226]. , , [227].
. 816 / 13 [5]. [228], 3 /, , [5]. [229]. ( ) [230].
. , [231]. , , - (Iso Valkjärvi) () 1992 95 % [152]. , , [152]. , [232].
, , [235]. , , , , .
: . , , , , [234].
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[236][237][238], , , , , , . . , , [239].
| , ( 2009 ) | |||
| , | , | ||
| ( )[240] | 2007 | 15 | |
| ( )[241] | 19 | ||
| [242] | 1963 | 22 | |
| [243] | 18 | ||
| ( )[244] | 15, 17, 18 | ||
| ( )[245] | 2005 | 20 | |
| [246] | 15 | ||
| ( 1 30 )[247] | 20 | ||
| ( 15 30 )[248] | 2008 | 18 | |
, , [251].
, , , . , , [252]. , , , [34].
1930- , [253]. , , , [253]. , [62][254][255]. , , [72][76].
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- , . . . , , , , , , . , , , [34].
, , ( 1,5 400450 ), , [256].
, , ( ) , . , . , , [34]. - [257]. , ( 3 ) 4049 %[258].
, [64].
[259]
( ; )
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, [260]. , , [260]. , . - , [260]. , . 15 °[260], , . . [260]. . . , , , [261].
[]
, , . , , , . . , 100 82 [262]. 34 ( 18 °C)[263].
, ( 5200 ) . 1994 89 , 17 [264].
, - , - , . - ( ). 12 . . [265].
- «De honesta voluptate et valetudine» (1475 )[267]. , , , . , , , . . . . .
. , , , , , , , , , . . , ( ), , [268].
, , , , , , , . , . [269]. «» , 5060 °C, . 12 [269].
[]
[]
, , « » . , , « » (1883 ), « » (1885 ), «» (1885 ), «» (1888 ), « » (1896 ). «» (1812 ), « » (1845 ), « » (1846 ), « » « » (1847 ) «» (1866 ), « » (1876 ), - « » (1883 ), « » (1905 ), «» (1908 ) . «-»[52].
- « » [270]:
d) . . . , .
- «» [271]:
: -. :
? ! , .
Perch on their water perch hung in the clear Bann River
Near the clay bank in alder dapple and waver,
Perch they called grunts, little flood-slubs, runty and ready,
I saw and I see in the rivers glorified body
[] , ,
[274]. (Ahvenanmaa) « ».
Thomas Moule, « » (Heraldry of fish, 1848 ), , , [275]. , [276].
1904 «» «». , . 1918 , 1925 [277].
, (1966 ), (1979 ), (1990 ), , [279].
[]
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