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J. Robert Oppenheimer
JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg
, . 1944
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22  1904(1904-04-22)

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18  1967(1967-02-18) (62 )

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́ ́ ́[ 1] (. Julius Robert Oppenheimer, 22 1904 18 1967) -, , ( 1941 ). , ; - « ».[1] A - 1945 ; , -:

« , , .» [ 2]

. , , . « ». , 1954 , (. security clearance). , , . ; .

: , , . , , . , - , 30- XX .

[]

[]

. - 22 1904 . , . (Julius Seligmann Oppenheimer, 18651948), () 1888 . (Ella Friedman, . 1948) 1840- . , (Frank Oppenheimer), .[8]

1912 , 155 -[ 3], 88- . .[9] , , .[10]

. (Alcuin Preparatory School), , 1911 , (Ethical Culture Society School).[11] (Felix Adler) , (Ethical Culture movement), « » (. Deed before Creed). , 1907 1915 .[12] , .[13] [11], .[14] (Harvard College) , 18 , , . -, - .[15]

(, . academic major) , . « », , « » (Phi Beta Kappa Society). ; , . , , . (. summa cum laude) .[16]

[]

- , , 1926 . , .

1924 , (Christ's College) . . , , , .[17] , .[18] . . , .[19] , , . ; , ( ) .[20]

, , , . , . , , (Francis Fergusson) . , . , .[21] .[22] « , »[ 4], .[23]

1926 , ø . ø . , : , , , , , . «» ; .[24] , ø , , , . , , - .[25]

1927 , 23 , .[26] , 11 , , , , : « , . ».[27]

[]

[]

1927 - (United States National Research Council) («»). , , 192728 , 1927, 1928 .[28] ; «» , , ; , , . ( ) , , , (Ava Helen Pauling), . , , . .[29] , , , , . (Chemistry Division) , , , .[30]

1928 , , , . «» (. Opje)[31], «» (. Oppie).[32] , , , . , , , .[33]

- , , , , .[30] , ; - -, , .[ 5] , , : «Hot dog!» (. « !», « ») «Perro Caliente», «hot dog» .[34] , « » « ».[ 6][35] , , . , , , . , , : , .[36] «», .[37] :

, , , . , , . - , , . [ 7] [ 8]. , . , , , , .[38]

- - , , .[23] 1936 (full professor) 3300 . . , 6 , .[39]

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, , , . , [ 9] , . 1940- , .[47] 1931 (Harvey Hall) « »[48], , , () , , , , . , , , , , , 1955 .[40]

1930 [49], , , . 1928 , , , . , , .[50] , , , . , , , . , , , ( ). , , . 1932 , , , 1936 .[51][52]

(Milton S. Plesset) (Leo Nedelsky) - . , - , , ( 1937 )[53]. 1934 Ը (Wendell H. Furry) [54] , ( ). , , . 1937 , , , , .[55][56]

, , (Melba Phillips) , . , , , . 1935 .[57] . , , , . , , , , .[58][59]

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1930- , , , . , 1938 « »[60], , . , « »[61], . , , , , , , , , . , 1939 (Hartland Snyder) « »[62], , . ( , ) , , , , . , ; 1950- , .[63][64]

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, , , , , , , , .[69][70] , .[71] , , , .[72] 1945, 1951 1967 , .[73]

[]

1920- . , , , - 1929 . , 1936 . , 1934 , . 1934 3 , 3000 , , . 1934 , , . , , , « ».[ 11][74]

    «J. R. Oppenheimer»
-

1931 , , , -, .[75] 1937 , 392 602 , , .[76] , 1930- , . , , , «». . , , , , .[77] 1936 (Jean Tatlock), (Stanford University School of Medicine), . ; «Western Worker», .[78]

1939 . «» (Katherine «Kitty» Puening Harrison), . . Ÿ . , (Joe Dallet), , .[79] , . 1938 (Richard Harrison), -. 1939 (), , -. , . 1940 -. , , , . , (), 1 1940 .[80]

, (Peter), 1941 [81], , «» (Katherine «Toni»),  7 1944 - (-).[80] .[82]   - .[83] 30- 40- , , [84], , (Mary Ellen Washburn)[85] .[86] , , [87], , . .  «-» , .[88]

1942 , , « ».[ 12][89] 23 1953 , , , , - , - , « ».[ 13][90] «People's World»[91], , 1954 : « ».[ 14][92] 1937 1942 , « »   , , , « »[ 15] , (Haakon Chevalier)[93][94] (Gordon Griffiths) «» () .[95]

() , . ( ), 1940 ,   , [ 16] (Isaac Folkoff). CDI (Custodial Detention Index)  , ,  : « : ».[ 17][96] ; , , ; , , . , 1942 .[97] 1954 , , «»  , , .[98]

, , , , , - . , 1943 , . .[99] 4 1944 ; .[100] 1943 , (George Eltenton), , - . , , , , , .[101] , , - . 20 1943 :

15 , , . .[102]

[]

[] -

9 1941 , , .[104] 1942 (National Defense Research Committee) . (James Bryant Conant), , , . , , .[105] «Coordinator of Rapid Rupture» (« ») . . , , , , (Emil Konopinski), , , , , .[106]

   ,
- . : (Norris Bradbury), (John H. Manley), . . . (J. M. B. Kellogg). , .

1942 « » (Manhattan Engineer District), , (Office of Scientific Research and Development) .[107] . - .[108] , , . , , , , (Military Policy Committee), . , , , , , , , . , .[109] , , « »[ 18]; , , , . « , ».[ 19][110]

, - . 1942 -, . 16 1942 , . , , , , . , , (mesa) -, - (Los Alamos Ranch School).[ 20] , .[111] «- » ; . , «» (. luminaries).[112]

- , . , . ( 128 , 58 ), , - .[113] (Robert Bacher) . , , (United States Department of War).[114] , . - 1943 6 1945.[113]

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1943 (. gun-type), «» (Thin Man). -239, , . 1944 - X-10, : 240Pu, .[117] 1944 , (. implosion-type). (. explosive lens) , , . , .[118] 1944 - , (, ).[119] , -235; 1945 «» (Little Boy).[120] , « » («Christy gadget», , Robert F. Christy)[121], 28 1945 .[122]

1945 « » (Interim Committee), . , , , , , , . , .[123] , , , , , , .[124]

[]

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- 16 1945 , , 1944 «» (Trinity).[ 21] , « » . (Gregg Herken), ( ), 30- .[125] , , , , -:

, , ...[5]

, , , : kālo'smi lokakṣayakṛtpravṛddho lokānsamāhartumiha pravṛtta IAST[126], : « , ».[ 2]

1965 :

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, : « ».[ 22] , (Thomas Farrell), , :

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- 1946 « » (Presidential Medal for Merit).[128]

[]

, , .[100] Life Time.[129][130] , , . , , , , , .[131]

[]

1945 -, [132], , , .[133] 1947 (Lewis Lichtenstein Strauss) (-). (Ruth Tolman), , - .[134] 20 000  , («») XVII (. groundskeeper), 265  (107 ) .[135]

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. , , . -, , . , , « ». , .[136]

- 194749 , . (, ) . , , . , . , , . (Robert Marshak) : . 1947 , .[137]

[]

, , (AchesonLilienthal Report). « » (Atomic Development Authority), , , , . , 1946 . (Baruch Plan) , , . . , - .[138] .[139]

1946

1947 (Atomic Energy Commission, AEC) , (General Advisory Committee, GAC). , , , , GAC .[140] , , . , , , , . , , . , . , . , .[141] , , 1949 .[142] GAC, , , , . , .[143]

1951 , , , (TellerUlam design) .[144] , . :

, 1949 ., , , . , , . 1951 . , . , , .[145]

[]

( ) , , , , , . 1940- : , , .[146] , , , - , , ; « , , , , , ».[ 23][147]

7 1949 , , 1930- .[148] , , , (Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz), , (Bernard Peters) (Joseph Weinberg), , . , . . , . «» (Exploratorium) -.[86][149]

1949 1953 . , - , , - 1951 , . . - . «» , , - . «» , . , , . , , , 1952 .[150]

1950 (Paul Crouch), 1941 1942 , , .[151] (Congressional committee), . .[152] , -, , .[153] 1953 . , (William Liscum Borden), (Congress' Joint Atomic Energy Committee). , « , , . ».[ 24][154]

, , 1954 .

(Brien McMahon), « » 1946 (Atomic Energy Act, 1946), . 21 1953 , , . (Kenneth David Nichols), (. general manager) , . .[155][156] , 1954 , , . - , , , , . , , , , . , , . , , : , , ; , , . - .[157]

28 1954 . , , « ».[ 25] , , :

. , . , . , .[1]

, , , .[1] , . , , 1943 , , , .[159] , . ( , « »[ 26], « »[ 27]) , , . .[160] , , « , ».[ 28][161]

«» -. , , , « », . , «» «», , -, , .[162] : « ».[ 29][163]

. . , , , , «, , ».[164] . (Woodrow Wilson Institute) 20 2009 (John Earl Haynes), (Harvey Klehr) , , , , . , . , , .[165]

[]

1954 -, . 1957 (0,81 ) (Gibney Beach), .[166][ 30] , .[167]

   ,   .
« » -, , .[ 30]

, , , , 1960 (World Academy of Art and Science). 1950- , 1955 . 1957 , .[168]

, , , , . 1953 -- (Reith Lectures), « » (Science and the Common Understanding).[169] 1955 « » (The Open Mind), , , 1946 . « ». « , , ».[ 31] 1957 (William James Lectures), , (Edwin Ginn), (Archibald Roosevelt), .[170] « » (The Hope of Order) (Sanders Theatre), , 1200 .[168] 1962 (Whidden Lectures) , « : » (The Flying Trapeze: Three Crises for Physicists) 1964 .[171]

    ,
( ), . ( ) . ( ). , . , .

, , . , , , .[172] 1957 [173], 3 1962 (Foreign Member of the Royal Society).[174] 1963 , , . , , , . , , .[175] « , - ».[ 32][176] : « , , , , , ».[ 33][177] , , , ; 50 000 , . , , , , , .[178] 1959 , , , , , ; . .[179]

; 1965 , , 1966 - .[180] ; 15 1967 18 (-) 62 . (Alexander Hall) , 600 : , , , , , , . , -, ' (John O'Hara) - (New York City Ballet) . , , .[181] , . - , .[182]

, 1972 , , - , - . , , , . 1977 , , , ; « - ».[ 34][183] , , ; (Community Center).[184]

[]

1954 , , . , .[185] , (- ), , .[186] , , ; , . , , , .[187] « » (. red-baiting) 1940-  1950-, , . , (Bernard Peters), . , , «» . : , , , .[188]

«» ( ) «» ( )   .[190] « » (Galileo, 1955), «» (Die Physiker, 1962) , 1988 , « » (Doctor Atomic, 2005) , , (Pamela Rosenberg), « »[191]. « » (In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, 1964) (Heinar Kipphardt) 1964 . , , .[192] Ÿ - 1968 , . «- » (Clive Barnes) « », , « ».[ 35][193] . , «, ».[ 36][194] :

[ ] , . , . , , , [] , , , , , ;   , , - .[195]

-- «» (Oppenheimer) (Sam Waterston) , 1980 , BAFTA Television.[196][197] « » (The Day After Trinity) «» .[198][199] 1989 « », , .[200] , , « : . » (American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer, 2005) (Kai Bird) . (Martin J. Sherwin), « ».[201] 2004 [202], 100- , 2005 « : 100- » (Reappraising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies and Reflections).[203] .[204]

- , . , , , [205], , , , , , , .[69] (67085) [206] .[207]

, , « » (. Big Science). . - , , , , , (. proximity fuze) . - , « » , , , .[185]

«» , :

, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, , .[ 37][208]

[]

:

  • .  // . 1965. № 4. . 1012.

:

  • Oppenheimer J. Robert. Science and the Common Understanding.  New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954.
  • Oppenheimer J. Robert. The Open Mind.  New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955.
  • Oppenheimer J. Robert. The Flying Trapeze: Three Crises for Physicists.  London: Oxford University Press, 1964. : . : / . . . , . . . .  .: , 1967.  79 .  100 000 .
  • Oppenheimer J. Robert, Rabi I. I. Oppenheimer.  New York: Scribner, 1969.
  • Oppenheimer J. Robert, Smith Alice Kimball, Weiner Charles. Robert Oppenheimer, Letters and Recollections.  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980.  ISBN 0-674-77605-4
  • Oppenheimer J. Robert. Uncommon Sense.  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Birkhauser Boston, 1984.  ISBN 0-8176-3165-8
  • Oppenheimer J. Robert. Atom and Void: Essays on Science and Community.  Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989.  ISBN 0-691-08547-1

:

[]

  1. «» (. J) «. » . (Alice Kimball Smith) (Charles Weiner) « : » (Robert Oppenheimer: Letters and recollections), 1, : « , , , . , , , , , -». . (Peter Goodchild) «. : » (J. Robert Oppenheimer: Shatterer of Worlds) , , , «» , ; , . , «» , , . 18 1963 , . 1930- 40- , «», , , , «» «». , « ».
  2. 1 2 : «Now, I am become Death, the destroyer (shatterer) of worlds»; « » (The Decision to Drop the Bomb, 1965).[2] «» 8 1948 .[3] (Robert Jungk) « . -» 1958 [4][5], .[6] « », , , -: « ». , .[7]
  3. : 40°4728.49 . . 73°5845.94 . . / 40.791248, -73.979428 (G) (O).
  4. : «I need physics more than friends».
  5. : 35°4857.04 . . 105°3853.52 . . / 35.815847, -105.648201 (G) (O).
  6. : «physics and desert country ... two great loves»; « » « » (. desert country) .
  7. - (graduate students), (PhD).
  8. : post-doctoral fellows , PhD .
  9. , , , , , , . . , (. : ).[46]
  10. : «His physics was good, but his arithmetic awful».
  11. : «one Jew in the department was enough».
  12. : «a member of just about every Communist Front organization on the West Coast».
  13. : «a half-jocular overstatement».
  14. : «I was associated with the Communist movement».
  15. : «discussion group».
  16. 1940 , . : .
  17. : «Nationalistic Tendency: Communist».
  18. : «overweening ambition».
  19. : «a real stroke of genius on the part of General Groves, who was not generally considered to be a genius».
  20. ( ): 35°5254 . . 106°1753.99 . . / 35.881667, -106.298333 (G) (O).
  21. «»: 33°4038.28 . . 106°2831.44 . . / 33.6773, -106.4754 (G) (O).
  22. : «It worked.»
  23. : «less important than electronic devices but more important than, let us say, vitamins».
  24. : «based upon years of study, of the available classified evidence, that more probably than not J. Robert Oppenheimer is an agent of the Soviet Union».
  25. : «I know Oppenheimer as an intellectually most alert and very complicated person».
  26. : «cock and bull story», . . , ; « ».
  27. : «was an idiot».
  28. : «if you don't want to consult the guy, you don't consult him».
  29. : «In England, Oppenheimer would have been knighted».
  30. 1 2 « » (Oppenheimer Beach): 18°2059.28 . . 64°4637.74 . . / 18.349801, -64.77715 (G) (O).
  31. : «The purposes of this country in the field of foreign policy cannot in any real or enduring way be achieved by coercion».
  32. : «for contributions to theoretical physics as a teacher and originator of ideas, and for leadership of the Los Alamos Laboratory and the atomic energy program during critical years».
  33. : «I think it is just possible, Mr. President, that it has taken some charity and some courage for you to make this award today».
  34. : «the people of St. John for a public park and recreation area».
  35. : «angry play and a partisan play tragic fool and genius».
  36. : «improvisations which were contrary to history and to the nature of the people involved».
  37. , , ; , -, .

:

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[]

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  • ,  (.)  ( 20  2011)