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. Severo Ochoa de Albornoz
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25  1905(1905-09-25)

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1993(1993-11-01) (88 )

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,

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  (1959)
National Medal of Science.gif  (1979)

́ ́ ́ (. Severo Ochoa de Albornoz; 25 1905, ,   1 1993, )  , 1959 « »[1] ( . ).

[]

[] .

25 1905 , , [2]. , , 7 .

, , , , . , , , 1921 . 1923 . , . -- . , , , , 70 , . , « » (Advice on scientific research) . .

, , , , . . , , , . . . . . 2 , . ( ), (Journal of Biological Chemistry) , [3]. , .

[]

(Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, K.W.I.), 1910 , . , , , .   , ,   K.W.I. : ? , . , , . , 1929. , -, , . K.W.I. . K.W.I. , . K.W.I. , , . , , , , . ( AT), , AT PO4 A. 1929 , , (, , ). , . 1930, , 1931 . ( ) ( ), , , . .

[] 1930-.

1935 . , . , 1936 , , . , , , : . , , , , . , , , 1939 , . . , . B1 () ( ) [4][5]. , , . , , . - . , . ( -); . , 1940- . : , . , , , , . . 1942 - (N.Y.U.).

[]

N.Y.U., , . . , , . N.Y.U. . , , , AMP ATP, ATP [6]. , , . , ( P/O). , , P/O = 3 [7]. 2; P/O , ATP ATP-. 3 . . , , , , , , . , , , , . .

Citric acid cycle with aconitate 2 ru

, -, , α-, , , « », . , α- , . , CO2, , . , CO2 . , ; , , NADPH , CO2 α-. , « » (Annual Reviews), , , . , . , , , , NADPH[8], , : « , !». , , 9 , . , , , . ; , , NAD- NADP- , , .   , .

, , : . - , , , NADP . «»   [9]. :

+ NADP + CO2 + NADPH + H.


«» , CO2 NADPH. , NADPH. ,   . , , , , , : , , ,     .

«» NADPH[10]. . 1948 , , . , , , . , «» . , , , , - . , , . , . , . , «» . , CoA + PO4. . , , [11]. . , , , CoA CoA + [12]. , , . , , , , , [13]. CoA , . CoA- [14]. , . β- CoA CoA. CoA CoA. , .

, CO2 . , , . , , , , , [15][16]. . , . , . , . , . , CoA   , ; CoA A B-. - CoA [17];   12. CoA , , CoA.

, , ATF ADF, Pi CoA. CoA CoA[18][19]. P-, . P- , . .

[]

1955 - ( , , - ) Azotobacter vinelandi , in vitro , 4, 3, 2 . «». , . 30000 1-2 106 . . , . ,   . - , . , , , , 3,5- . - . 1959 . [20][21][22][23].

[]

, , , : , , , , , .     , , . , , . , in vivo, . , in vitro .

1960-, 1961 , , , (poly U) . , , . , . , [24][25]. , , , , , .

, , 20 , , , , , . , , , - . - 1964 . , -. . , AUG -, . , AUG , , ,   5 3[26][27]. in vitro , UAA  [28].

[]

  , , , MS2 QB , , 0,5 1 , . polyA polyU, , AUG, . , , « », , AUG[29][30]. , , IF1, IF2 IF3[31]. , -fMet, , , , . -fMet AUG, -fMet . IF1 IF3 , , , . .

1970- [32]. 1968 . IF2 ( , , ). eIF2, , ,   GTP -, . , , -. 40S- 40S- . (, ), , ESP[33]; , , , EiF2B. . GTP GDP, GDP GTP. eIF2B . eIF2α [34]. eIF2α , eIF2B . , eIF2B , eIF2, , eIF2B, , eIF2.

[]

, , , 1961 , . , , , f2- MS2-[35]. , . , , , . , . , . , Qβ . Qβ-- Qβ-. 1968 . - -, . , . . - -. ,   -.

[]

1974 69- . . 1985 GTP/GDP . . 1985 , . . 1986 , , . , 1993 . , , .

[]

, , . , . , . , . 39-40 . [36], . , , , , , . , . , , , , . , , - . , , , . : , , , . , , , , , , . , , .

. , , . 36 . 1961 1967 1959 .

[] -[2]

1952 . , 47 ; . 2 , . , , , , , . , . , , , , . -, , -, 1953 . , , , . , , . .

, 1953 , ( 1954 ). , , , , - . : , . , . , , , , , . : , , . . , , , . . , . , , . , , , . 9, 7, . , . . , , , , , , . . . : « ?». , , : « , ?». , . , , : , , , . : - , . , - , .

. P- 32- ADP ATP -CoA. . , , . , , : ATP, . , (, , , , , ), . , ( ), . , , : ( CoA ):

acetate + ATP acetyl PO4 + ADP.

, , , . , , , . , , . , , . , , [20]. , , , . , , , [20].

. , « »  . . 18, . . , , , , Azotobacter vinelandi, , ATP, . , PO4 , , , PO4 ATP ( ), . , , , , X, ATP, :

ATP + X XP + ADP ADP + P + X.

, 32PO4 - ATP Azotobacter vinelandi , . ATP. , ATP, . , , , . , , , , . , , ATP, . , ADP. , ATP , (, ). , . , , , , , , , , ,   ADP. , , , , . , ADP, (UDP, CDP, GDP IDP).

1954 . , , ; . , , , ; . , . . , , - . . , : , , . , . - , Alcaligenes faecalis, , , , . Azotobacter vinelandi. , . . , - , , , .

(, , ). , , , PO4 Azotobacter vinelandi. , : ADP (IDP). , , , - , , . , . , ( ) . , , , PO4. . , . , , IDP-, , , . IMP, , , , - . , , , , . , , , , . , , , ,   . ,   , , , , , ,   - . , ; . , , , , , , - . , . , , (, , ). , - « ». , . , , P-, ( ) , , , !

, . , ( : , ; -, ) , , . , . , , , , , [21]. -, -, - , - , [22].

, . , in vivo (, ) , -. , , , , , . , : «, , ».

- 1955 . , ( ). : - . : , . , , - -, . . , , . - , , . , , , , (. ).   . 1959 [23]. -. , , , , , , , - , .

, in vivo. , . , , , , , . , , , , , . , .

[]

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