( ; . مناظرة الحروف العربية mounatharat al-horouf al-ʻarabiyya) / , , .
, .
, . , , , , . , قطر qṭr, qaṭar. , (, ). , .
, , . , () al- . . : , al-nur an-nur.
/, , , . . عمر خيام ( ʿmr ḫyʾm, ʿumar ḫayyām) (Omar Khayyam) (Omar Chajjam). ( ), (, , ), .
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- «» ASCII , 26 + , / ; ( ) , ( ); , , ( ), , , ;
- «» , ; , : , ; , .
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- DIN-31635
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- DIN (DIN-31635) (1982) , (DIN) , 1936 . .
- ISO (ISO 233) (1984) , 1984 , : () , , .
- ISO/R (ISO/R 233) (1961) ISO, - ; .
- (1972) , (United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names)[1]; Encarta.
- ALA-LC (1997) , (American Library Association/Library of Congress) [2]; , .
- EI , (Encyclopaedia of Islam)
- ISO simple (1993) ISO 233-2.
-
- SATTS (Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System); .
- Qalam (1985) , , [3].
- Buckwalter (Buckwalter Transliteration), 1990- [4]; ($, *)[5].
- BATR (Bikdash Transliteration), [6][7].
- ArabTeX ( 1992) «» DIN-31635 ISO 233 ASCII.
- OnlineScript
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| . | - |
DIN | ISO | ISO/R | ALA-LC | EI | ISO simple |
. | . | SATTS | Qalam | Buckwalter | BATR | ArabTeX | OnlineScript | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʼalif | /a(ː)/ | ā | ʾ | ā | aa | a, aa | A | aa | A | aa / A | a | a | |||||||
| hamza | ; |
/ʔ/ | ʾ | ˈ | ʾ | ' | E | ' | ' | e | ' | 2 | |||||||
| /ʔ/ | ʼ | ʾ | ˈ, ˌ* | ʼ | ʾ | ' | ʼ, | E | ' | ' | e | ' | 2 | ||||||
| bāʼ | /b/ | b | b | b | B | b | b | b | b | b | |||||||||
| tāʼ | /t/ | t | t | t | T | t | t | t | t | t | |||||||||
| ṯāʼ | /θ/ | ̱ | ṯ | th | th | ç | th | C | th | v | c | _t | th | ||||||
| ǧīm, jīm | /d͡ʒ ~ ɡ/ | ǧ | j | dj | j | j, dj, g | / | J | j | j | j | ^g | j/g | ||||||
| āʼ | (.) | /ħ/ | ̣ | ḩ | h | H | H | H | H | .h | 7 | ||||||||
| ḫāʼ | /x ~ χ/ | ̱, ̮ | ḫ | / | kh | kh | x | kh | O | kh | x | K | _h | 7'/kh/5 | |||||
| dāl | /d/ | d | d | d | D | d | d | d | d | d | |||||||||
| ḏāl | /ð/ | ̱ | ḏ | dh | dh | đ | dh | Z | dh | * | z' | _d | th/z | ||||||
| rāʼ | /r/ | r | r | r | R | r | r | r | r | r | |||||||||
| zāy | /z/ | z | z | z | ; | z | z | z | z | z | |||||||||
| sīn | /s/ | s | s | s | S | s | s | s | s | s | |||||||||
| šīn | /ʃ/ | š | sh | sh | š | sh, ch | : | sh | $ | x | ^`s | sh/ch | |||||||
| ṣād | /sˁ/ | ̣ | ṣ | ş | ṣ | ṣ | s | X | S | S | S | .s | s/S/9 | ||||||
| ḍād | /dˁ/ | ̣ | ḍ | ḑ | ḍ | ḍ | d, dh | V | D | D | D | .d | d/D/9' | ||||||
| ﻁ | ṭāʼ | (.) | /tˁ/ | ̣ | ṭ | ţ | ṭ | ṭ | t | U | T | T | T | .t | T/t/6 | ||||
| ﻅ | āʼ | /ðˁ ~ zˁ/ | ̣ | z̧ | đ̣ | z, zh, dh | , | Y | Z | Z | Z | .z | Z/z/6' | ||||||
| ﻉ | ʻayn | /ʕ/ | ʿ | ʻ | ʿ | ř | ʻ | , , * | ` | ` | E | E | ` | 3 | |||||
| ﻍ | ġayn | /ɣ/ | ̣ | ġ | gh | gh | ğ | g, gh | G | gh | g | g | .g | gh/3' | |||||
| ﻑ | fāʼ | /f/ | f | f | f | F | f | f | f | f | f | ||||||||
| ﻕ | qāf | /q/ | ̣ | q | ḳ | q | q, k / g | , ()* | Q | q | q | q | q | q/2/k | |||||
| ﻙ | kāf | /k/ | k | k | k, c | K | k | k | k | k | k | ||||||||
| lām | /l/ | l | l | l | , | L | l | l | l | l | l | ||||||||
| mīm | /m/ | m | m | m | M | m | m | m | m | m | |||||||||
| nūn | /n/ | n | n | n | N | n | n | n | n | n | |||||||||
| ﻩ | hāʼ | /h/ | h | h | h | h | ~ | h | h | h | h | h | |||||||
| ﻭ | wāw | /w, uː/ | , ў | w | w; o | w / u, oo, ou | , | W | w | w | w / uu | w | w | ||||||
| yāʼ | /j, iː/ | y | y; e | y / i, ee | , () | I | y | y | y / ii | y | y/i | ||||||||
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| . | - |
DIN | ISO | ISO/R | ALA-LC | EI | ISO simple |
. | . | SATTS | Qalam | Buckwalter | BATR | ArabTeX | OnlineScript | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʼalif madda | /ʔaː/ | ʾā | ʾâ | ā, ʾā | ā | ā, ʼā | ā | 'aa | ʾa | AEA | eaa | 'A | a/aa | ||||||
| tāʼ marbūṭa | /a, at/ | h, t | h, t | h, t | a, at | ŧ | a, ah / at | , / | @ | h, t | p | t' | T | a/ah | |||||
| ﻯ | ʼalif maqṣūra | /aː/ | ā | ỳ | y | ā | à | a | / | ae | Y | aaa | _A | a/aa | |||||
| ﻻ | lām ʼalif | - | /laː/ | lā | laʾ | lā | lā | lā | laa | la | LA | la | laa | lA | la | ||||
| ال | ʼalif lām | - | /al, aC-/ | al- | ʾˈal | al- | al- | al-, l- | al-; ál- | al | , + | AL | al | Al- | al- | l-/double consonant | |||
| al- | + | + | + | + | + | / + | + | ||||||||||||
[]
| . | - |
DIN | ISO | ISO/R | ALA-LC | EI | ISO simple |
. | . | SATTS | Qalam | Buckwalter | BATR | ArabTeX | OnlineScript | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| َ | fata | /a/ | a | , , | |||||||||||||||
| ُ | ḍamma | /u/ | u | ||||||||||||||||
| ِ | kasra | /i/ | i | ||||||||||||||||
| َا | fata ʾalif | /aː/ | ā | aʾ | ā | ||||||||||||||
| ٰ | ʾalif ḫanǧariyya | /aː/ | ā | ā | |||||||||||||||
| َى | fata ʾalif maqṣūra | /a/ | ā | aỳ | à | á | ā | ||||||||||||
| ىٰ | /aː/ | ā | āỳ | à | |||||||||||||||
| ُو | ḍamma wāw | /uː/ | ū | uw | ū | ||||||||||||||
| ِي | kasra yāʾ | /iː/ | ī | iy | ī | ||||||||||||||
| . | - |
DIN | ISO | ISO/R | ALA-LC | EI | ISO simple |
. | . | SATTS | Qalam | Buckwalter | BATR | ArabTeX | OnlineScript | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| َو | fata wāw | /au/ | aw | aw˚ | aw | ||||||||||||||
| َي | fata yāʾ | /ai/ | ay | ay˚ | ay | ||||||||||||||
| َوّ | /uːw, -uː/ | uww | uw̄ | uww, -ū | uww | ūw, -ū | uww, -ū | ||||||||||||
| ِيّّ | /iːj, -iː/ | iyy | iȳ | iyy, -ī | iyy | īy, -ī | iyy, -ī | ||||||||||||
[]
| . | - |
DIN | ISO | ISO/R | ALA-LC | EI | ISO simple |
. | . | SATTS | Qalam | Buckwalter | BATR | ArabTeX | OnlineScript | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ـً | tanwīn fata | /an/ | an | áʾ, á | an | an | (an) | ||||||||||||
| ًى | /an/ | an | áỳ | ||||||||||||||||
| ـٌ | tanwīn ḍamma | /un/ | un | ú | un | un | (un) | ||||||||||||
| ـٍ | tanwīn kasra | /in/ | in | í | in | in | (in) | ||||||||||||
[]
| . | - |
DIN | ISO | ISO/R | ALA-LC | EI | ISO simple |
. | . | SATTS | Qalam | Buckwalter | BATR | ArabTeX | OnlineScript | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ْ | sukūn | /Ø/ | ˚ | ||||||||||||||||
| ّ | šadda | /CC/ | ̄ | ||||||||||||||||
| ٱ | hamzatu 'l-waṣl | /ʔ/ | ʾ | ̆ | |||||||||||||||
| ؐ | waṣla | /Ø/ | |||||||||||||||||
[]
.
| A a | B | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | F f | G g |
| Ƣ ƣ | H h | Ħ ħ | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m |
| N n | O o | P p | Q q | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t |
| Ѣ ѣ | U u | V v | X x | Y y | Z z |
- XV .
- - 1930- , .
[] .
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- . . (.) - . .: , 2004. . 4659.
- / .: . . , . . ; . . . . .: , 1966.
- ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts. Randal K. Berry (ed.). Library of Congress, 1997.
- Anleitung zur Transkription des Arabischen. Fachschaft Asiatisch-Orientalische Kulturwissenschaften, Universität Bonn, No date.
- Araabia / Arabīy. Eesti Keele Instituut / Institute of the Estonian Language. KNAB: Kohanimeandmebaas / Place Names Database, 2003-02-08.
- Bauer, Thomas. Arabic Writing // Peter T. Daniels & William Bright (eds). The Worlds Writing Systems. New York/Oxford, 1996.
- The Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition. Leiden, 1960-.
- ISO 233:1984. Documentation Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters. International Organization for Standardization, 1984-12-15.
- ISO Rules for Transliteration // «Manual for the Preparation of Records in Deve lopment-Information Systems» by Gisele Morin-Labatut & Maureen Sly. Information Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre, 1982.
- Lagally, Klaus. ArabTeX a System for Typesetting Arabic. User Manual Version 3.09. Institut für Informatik. Universität Stuttgart, 1999.
- Romanization System for Arabic. BGN/PCGN 1956 System.
- United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names. Report on Their Current Status. Compiled by the UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems. Version 2.2. January 2003.
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- (Eesti Keele Instituut) (.)
- SATTS: Roman-to-Arabic mappings
- Omniglot: Arabic alphabet, pronunciation and language
- Onkosh: Arabic transliteration system converts Roman-based input to Arabic option with comprehensive search services.
