. , , , , - , . ( , , ) , , . , , , , a.
, , . : « ; , ; »[1].
XX . , . , 1991 [2][3], , . , , .
|
|
[]
[]
, (. ). : F G K. 7000 °K 4000 °K, G2V 6000 °K . :
- ( ) , . O, B, A , 10 [4]b.
- , , : . , [5].
- , , - (. tidal lock) (. , ). K , , , , [6].
5-10 % . K M , . , , 581 c, , . , , . , 581 d , , , , [7].
[]
, . , , . - , (, ), , c. , - ( ).
. . , , , , , , , , , , . , , . , , , . , [8].
, , . , , , - , . , [9].
, , , , : , , . , , ( ) . , , , , .
[]
, . , , , , , . - , . , , , . , -, . ( 100 % 100% ), , , .
, : , , 0,1% 11 . ( ) , : II . ., , [10]. , , . « » 18 , , . C, 18 , [11].
[]
, , , . (: , «» , , , , , , , ). , . , , . , , . , : « , , , .»[12] : , .
[]
, - [13].
, , . , e. , , , , , , .
[]
. . , [15] «» , . ( , , , ), . : , , . , , , , . , , : , , , , [16].
« » . , - , , f.
, , , ( , , , ). , , ( , ) , - , [17].
, , - . 0,3 - [18]. , 2008 - (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) , - . , , , , , . , 85% , . , , , [19].
: ( , ) - , . , ( -, , , «»), , , . , , .
, . , , «» . , , - [20] .
[]
, , . . . , , , (, ). , , , , , [21]. , 0,02. ( ) .
: 90% , 0,25[22].
, . , . ( ) , , . , : , , . , , . , , , (. «-»). , , 85 « , , .»[23] , . 21,5 24,5 41 . . , , .
:
- , . ( ), , , , .
[]
, , , , , , 4 , , , , , . , , , , [25]. 4 96% . , . , . , , . , , . , , , , , . . , , , [26].
, , , , , , ( ), , , . . , , , , , ( , ). . , [27].
, , [28]. , , , , , . , , ( ) , . , « » - , , «» . , , , .
[]
. «», , « , , , , , .»[29] ( ), ( / , . .), : , , .
, , , . , , , [30]. . - (.) () , , , , ; [31].
, , . , , , , NASA : , [32]. 2003 , «» 1970 ; [33].
[]
, , . , , , .
[]
, 50 % . , ; , , 2/3 [34].
(. ., ), . (. , ). , , . , , 1/5 , , [35]. , , , , . A B 11 . . (23 . . , ), . , , , 3 . . ( 5 %). A 1.2 1.3 . ., B 0.73 0.74 [36].
[]
, 70 90 % . , , , . , , , , , . , . ( 0,1 0,6 ), , ( 3 % 0,01 %).
, , , , ; 0,3 . . ( ) , 8760, , 0,032 . . , [37] ( 6,3 ). , , , , , , ( , , ). , , , , , , . , , .
. , , ( , , CO2 H2O , ) 100 , 10 % , , [38]. , , , , . , , , , . , , , , [39].
, , . , , , ( ) . , , , ( , ). , , , , . . , , , , , , . , , . , , . , , . , , 40 % , - , [40]. , , , «» . , , , , . , , , , . , , 1-2 . , , , , , [41].
, , , : . 4.5 , , , [42]. , , , , ( , , , , , ), , , . , , , [43].
[]
, . , ( ) , . , , , , [44]:
- -.
- , [45].
, . , , , , . , «» , , , [46].
[]
[]
, , , . « » (Evolving the Alien) (Jack Cohen) (Ian Stewart) , , , « ». , , , , . , , .
, . (Frank Drake), , : « » , [47]. « », [48]. , , , 1976 [49][50]. .
[] « »
« » , , , , , . -, , , . -, , , [51]. , . « » - . « » 1994, « 9» (Shoemaker-Levy 9) ; , . : «» . , , , , , , [52]. , , , , . , , , ( 47 ), ( 16 B) . « ».
[]
, , , , , . , , , . . . , . , (Sir James Lovelock), , , ; , . , , . , (David Grinspoon) « » , . , , , , « »[53]. 2004 « » (The Privileged Planet), (Guillermo Gonzalez) (Jay Richards) . , « » [54].
[] ESI PHI
: ( ), , ( , ), - .
[] .
[]
- a: . « ». (Drake Equation) (Fermi Paradox). .
- b: , 500 . «A» ( 600 1,2 ) «B» ( 10+ . 600 .) . , , , , . «O» , 10 .
- c: (, 3,5 8 . . ) , , , . , , , .
- e: , , , , , . . « : » (Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe), (Peter Ward) (Donald Brownlee) , , , , . : , . 600 , 3 . , , , .
- f: , , , 13 17 . , , , , ( OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb) 1 12 . , , , , , .
- g: , , , , , , ( « »). « » (Ward) (Brownlee) , , , , . , , , , .
[]
- Goal 1: Understand the nature and distribution of habitable environments in the Universe. Astrobiology: Roadmap. NASA. 11 2007.
- Wolszczan, A. & Frail, D. A. (9 January 1992), "A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257 + 12", Nature . 355: 145147, doi:10.1038/355145a0, <http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v355/n6356/abs/355145a0.html>
- Wolszczan, A (April 22 1994), "Confirmation of Earth Mass Planets Orbiting the Millisecond Pulsar PSR:B1257+12", Science . V.264, (NO.5158): 538, <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1994Sci...264..538W>
- Star tables. California State University, Los Angeles. 11 2007.
- Kasting, James F.; Whittet, DC; Sheldon, WR (August 1997). «Ultraviolet radiation from F and K stars and implications for planetary habitability». Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 27 (4): 413420. DOI:10.1023/A:1006596806012. 2007-08-08.
- Guinan, Edward; Manfred Cuntz The violent youth of solar proxies steer course of genesis of life. International Astronomical Union (August 10, 2009). 27 2009.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics (December 13, 2007). Gliese 581: one planet might indeed be habitable. -. 2008-04-07.
- Kasting, James F.; Whitmore, Daniel P.; Reynolds, Ray T. (1993). «Habitable Zones Around Main Sequence Stars» (PDF). Icarus 101 (101): 108128. DOI:10.1006/icar.1993.1010. 2007-08-06.
- Williams, Darren M.; Kasting James F.; Wade, Richard A. (January 1997). «Habitable moons around extrasolar giant planets» (abstract). Nature 385 (385): 234236. DOI:10.1038/385234a0. 2007-08-06.
- The Little Ice Age. Department of Atmospheric Science. University of Washington. 11 2007.
- 18 Scorpii. www.solstation.com. Sol Company. 11 2007.
- Santos, Nuno C.; Israelian, Garik; Mayor, Michael Confirming the Metal-Rich Nature of Stars with Giant Planets (PDF). Proceedings of 12th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and The Sun. University of Colorado (2003). 11 2007.
- 1 2 An interview with Dr. Darren Williams. Astrobiology: The Living Universe (2000). 5 2007.
- Could there be life in the outer solar system?. Millennium Mathematics Project, Videoconferences for Schools. University of Cambridge (2002). 5 2007.
- . . 15 2011.
- Ward, Peter and Donald Brownlee. Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe, pp. 191220, Springer, 2000.
- The Heat History of the Earth. Geolab. James Madison University. 11 2007.
- Raymond, Sean N.; Quinn, Thomas; Lunine, Jonathan I. (January 2007). «High-resolution simulations of the final assembly of Earth-like planets 2: water delivery and planetary habitability». Astrobiology 7 (Preprint): 66. DOI:10.1089/ast.2006.06-0126. 2007-08-06.
- Earth: A Borderline Planet for Life?. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (2008). 4 2008.
- Magnetic Field of the Earth. Georgia State University. 11 2007.
- Rare Earth, pp. 122123.
- Bortman, Henry Elusive Earths. Astrobiology Magazine (June 22, 2005). 11 2007.
- Penn State University (August 25, 2003). Planetary Tilt Not A Spoiler For Habitation. -. 2007-05-11.
- Lasker, J.; Joutel, F.; Robutel, P. (July 1993). «Stabilization of the earth's obliquity by the moon». Nature 361 (6413): 615617. DOI:10.1038/361615a0. 2007-08-11.
- Organic Molecule, Amino Acid-Like, Found In Constellation Sagittarius. ScienceDaily (2008). 20 2008.
- Darling, David Elements, biological abundance. The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight. 11 2007.
- How did chemisty and oceans produce this?. The Electronic Universe Project. University of Oregon. 11 2007.
- How did the Earth Get to Look Like This?. The Electronic Universe Project. University of Oregon. 11 2007.
- Understand the evolutionary mechanisms and environmental limits of life. Astrobiology: Roadmap. NASA (September 2003). 6 2007.
- Hart, Stephen Cave Dwellers: ET Might Lurk in Dark Places. Space.com (June 17, 2003). 6 2007.
- Lindsay J, Brasier M (2006). «Impact Craters as biospheric microenvironments, Lawn Hill Structure, Northern Australia». Astrobiology 6 (2): 348363. DOI:10.1089/ast.2006.6.348.
- McKay, Christopher Too Dry for Life: The Atacama Desert and Mars (pdf). Ames Research Center. NASA (June 2002). 26 2009.
- Navarro-González, Rafael; Christopher P. McKay (November 7, 2003). «Mars-Like Soils in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life». Science 302 (5647): 10181021. DOI:10.1126/science.1089143. 2009-08-27.
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (January 30, 2006). Most Milky Way Stars Are Single. -. 2007-06-05.
- Stars and Habitable Planets. www.solstation.com. Sol Company. 5 2007.
- Wiegert, Paul A.; Holman, Matt J. (April 1997). «The stability of planets in the Alpha Centauri system». The Astronomical Journal 113 (4): 14451450. DOI:10.1086/118360. 2007-08-11.
- Habitable zones of stars. NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training in Exobiology. University of Southern California, San Diego. 11 2007.
- Joshi, M. M.; Haberle, R. M.; Reynolds, R. T. (October 1997). «Simulations of the Atmospheres of Synchronously Rotating Terrestrial Planets Orbiting M Dwarfs: Conditions for Atmospheric Collapse and the Implications for Habitability». Icarus 129 (2): 450465. DOI:10.1006/icar.1997.5793. 2007-08-11.
- Heath, Martin J.; Doyle, Laurance R.; Joshi, Manoj M.; Haberle, Robert M. (1999). «Habitability of Planets Around Red Dwarf Stars» (PDF). Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 29 (4): 405424. DOI:10.1023/A:1006596718708. 2007-08-11.
- Croswell, Ken Red, willing and able (Full reprint). New Scientist (27 January 2001). 5 2007.
- Cain, Fraser; and Gay, Pamela AstronomyCast episode 40: American Astronomical Society Meeting, May 2007. Universe Today (2007). 17 2007.
- University of Washington (January 13, 2003). 'The end of the world' has already begun, UW scientists say. -. 2007-06-05.
- M Dwarfs: The Search for Life is On, Interview with Todd Henry. Astrobiology Magazine (August 29, 2005). 5 2007..
- Mullen, Leslie Galactic Habitable Zones. Astrobiology Magazine (May 18, 2001). 5 2007.
- Rare Earth, pp. 26-29.
- Dorminey, Bruce (July 2005). «Dark Threat». Astronomy: 4045.
- Drake, Frank (1973). «Life on a Neutron Star» (en). Astrobiology 1 (5).
- Darling, David Neutron star, life on (.). The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight. 5 2009.
- Sagan, C.; Salpeter, E. E. (1976). «Particles, environments, and possible ecologies in the Jovian atmosphere». The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 32: 633637. doi:10.1086/190414.
- 1 2 Darling, David Jupiter, life on. The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight. 6 2007.
- 1 2 Bortman, Henry Coming Soon: "Good" Jupiters. Astrobiology Magazine (September 29, 2004). 5 2007.
- Lunine, Jonathan I. (January 30, 2001). «The occurrence of Jovian planets and the habitability of planetary systems» (abstract). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (3): 809814. DOI:10.1073/pnas.98.3.809. PMID 11158551. 2007-08-11.
- The Living Worlds Hypothesis. Astrobiology Magazine (September 22, 2005). 6 2007.
- Jefferys, William H. Review of The Privileged Planet. National Center for Science Education. 18 2009.
| Planetary habitability (.)
, .
|
| . |
| |
ALH 84001 Murchison «» «» SHGb02+14a «Wow!» CTA-102 (.) PSR B1919+21/LGM-1 (.) |
|---|---|
| 581 c 581 d HD 85512 b 667C Kepler-22b | |
| METI SETI SETI@home SERENDIP «», «», «» «» «» «» «» (.) Cosmic Call | |
| () (.) (.) | |
| «» ATLAST Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (.) Mars Sample Return Mission | |
| . | (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) |


