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XVIIIXX . |
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+4 (Ti, Zr, Hf Rf) |
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- |
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8,1 /³ |
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1919 °C |
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4099 °C |
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( ) |
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4- ( IV )[1]. , , .
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[]
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. , , . . , [2].
, +4. , . MHal4 ( : Ti, Zr Hf). , , , , . - , . Zr+4 79 , Hf+4 78 [2][3].
[]
| . |
| 1941 K (1668 °C) | 2130 K (1857 °C) | 2506 K (2233 °C) | ? | |
| 3560 K (3287 °C) | 4682 K (4409 °C) | 4876 K (4603 °C) | ? | |
| 4,507 ·3 | 6,511 ·3 | 13,31 ·3 | ? | |
| - | - | - | ? | |
| 140 | 155 | 155 | ? |
[]
XVII , 1923 . , [4].
(.), - (.) 1791 1795 . , [5]. : , . . . 1869 . 72. [6]. 1923 [7].
, 1966 . 242Pu 22Ne. ZrCl4[8]:
[]
. , . , (.). (MO2) , (MCl4). , :
(.). 500 °C, . 2000 °C [2][9]:
[]
. . 6320 , 162, 3[10].
[]
[]
, , . . , . - () [16], [17][18].
[]
[15]. , [21]. 5 /³, 10 /³[22]. [23].
[]
- 1 2 3 4 Arnold F., Holleman Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie / Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils. 91100. : Walter de Gruyter, 1985. . 10561057. ISBN 3110075113
- 1 2 Hafnium (.). Los Alamos National Laboratory (Last Updated: 12/15/2003). 21 2010.
- Barksdale, Jelks Titanium // The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. Illinois: Reinhold Book Corporation, 1968. . 732738.
- Weeks, Mary Elvira Some Eighteenth-Century Metals (.) // Chemical Education : . 1932. . 12311243.
- Urbain, M. G. Sur les séries L du lutécium et de l'ytterbium et sur l'identification d'un celtium avec l'élément de nombre atomique 72 (.) // Comptes rendus : . 1922. . 174. . 13471349.
- Coster, D. On the Missing Element of Atomic Number 72 (.) // .: Hevesy, G. Nature : . 1923. . 111. . 79. DOI:10.1038/111079a0
- Barber, R. C. Discovery of the transfermium elements. Part II: Introduction to discovery profiles. Part III: Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements (.) // Greenwood, N. N.; Hrynkiewicz, A. Z.; Jeannin, Y. P.; Lefort, M.; Sakai, M.; Ulehla, I.; Wapstra, A. P.; Wilkinson, D. H. Pure and Applied Chemistry : . 1993. . 65. № 8. . 17571814. DOI:10.1351/pac199365081757
- van Arkel, A. E.; de Boer, J. H. Darstellung von reinem Titanium-, Zirkonium-, Hafnium- und Thoriummetall (.) // Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie : . 1925. . 148. № 1. . 345350. DOI:10.1002/zaac.19251480133
- Abundance in Earth's Crust (.). WebElements.com. 21 2010.
- Dubbo Zirconia Project Fact Sheet (.) (PDF). Alkane Resources Limited (June 2007). 21 2010.
- Zirconium and Hafnium (.) (PDF) 192193. US Geological Survey (January 2008). 21 2010.
- Minerals Yearbook Commodity Summaries 2009: Titanium (.) (PDF). US Geological Survey (May 2009). 21 2010.
- Gambogi, Joseph Titanium and Titanium dioxide Statistics and Information (.). US Geological Survey (January 2009). 21 2010.
- 1 2 Emsley, John Titanium // Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001. . 457456. ISBN 0198503407
- Schemel, J. H. ASTM Manual on Zirconium and Hafnium. ASTM International, 1977. . 15. 96 . ISBN 9780803105058
- Hedrick, James B. Hafnium (.) (PDF). United States Geological Survey. 21 2010.
- Reactive Metals. Zirconium, Hafnium, and Titanium (.) // Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : . 1961. . 53. № 2. . 97104. DOI:10.1021/ie50614a019
- Hebda, John Niobium alloys and high Temperature Applications (.) (PDF). CBMM (2001). 21 2010.
- Matthew J. Donachie, Stephen James Donachie Superalloys. ASTM International, 2002. . 235236. 439 . ISBN 9780871707499
- International Chemical Safety Cards (.). International Labour Organization (October 2004). 21 2010.
- Zirconium Compounds (.). National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (2007). 21 2010.
- Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Hafnium (.). U.S. Department of Labor. 21 2010.
[]
- . . . / .: . . . .: "", 2001. . 1. 472 . ( ). 1000 . ISBN 5-7245-1213-0
- . . = ii. , 1971. . 2. 416 . 6700 .
- . ., . . . : " ", 1973. 451 . 1000 .
- . ., . , , // = Chemistry of the elements / . . . . . .: . , 2008. . 2. . 293. 607 . ( . 2- ). 2000 . ISBN 978-5-94774-373-9
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | H | He | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | ||||||||||
| 7 | Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Uut | Uuq | Uup | Uuh | Uus | Uuo | ||||||||||
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