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́ ( )  , ( ). , . , ( ), ( ). ́.   .

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x_0 \in \R f\colon U(x_0) \subset \R \to \R. ~A,  U(x_0)

f(x_0+h)=f(x_0)+Ah+o(h)

~A .

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x_0 \in \R f\colon U(x_0) \subset \R \to \R. f x_0 , ,

f'(x_0) = \lim\limits_{x \to x_0} \frac{f(x) - f(x_0)}{x - x_0} = \lim_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0)}{\Delta x}.

[] y=f(x) x_0

f'(x_0) = f'_x(x_0)=\mathrm{D}\!f(x_0) = \frac{df}{dx}(x_0) = \left.\frac{dy}{dx}\right\vert_{x = x_0} = \dot{y}(x_0).

, ( ).

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~f'(x_0) f x_0, , . f x_0 , :

f \in \mathcal{D}(x_0)\Leftrightarrow\exists f'(x_0) \in (-\infty;\infty).

x_0 f U(x_0)

~f(x) = f(x_0) + f'(x_0) (x-x_0) + o(x-x_0) x \to x_0.

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  • \Delta x = x - x_0 , \Delta y = f(x_0+\Delta x) - f(x_0) x_0.
    f'(x_0) = \lim\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}.
  • f\colon(a,b) \to \R x_0 \in (a,b). ́ ́
    f'\colon(a,b) \to \R.
  • , , . .
  • , f ́ ́ : f \in C^{(1)}\bigl((a,b)\bigr).

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. x0 f(x0). x0 x. F ( - C5). Δx = x  x0 , ( C5  C1). α   x0.

f\colon U(x_0) \to \R x_0, U(x_0)

f_l(x) \equiv f(x_0) + f'(x_0)(x-x_0).

f_l f x_0.  ~f'(x_0) .

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s=s(t)  . v(t_0)=s'(t_0) t_0. a(t_0) = s''(t_0) t_0.

y=f(x) x_0 x_0, , y=f(x).

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.

f^{(0)}(x_0) \equiv f(x_0).

f x_0,

f^{(1)}(x_0) \equiv f'(x_0).

n- f^{(n)} x_0 .

f^{(n+1)}(x_0) = \left(f^{(n)}\right)'(x_0).

~u = f(x, y, z) D , , ~x, y, z,  ~(x_0,y_0,z_0) . ~u = f(x, y, z) ( ).

~u''_{x^2} = f''_{x^2}(x_0, y_0, z_0)   ~\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} = \frac{\partial^2 f(x_0, y_0, z_0)}{\partial x^2}
~u''_{xy} = f''_{xy}(x_0, y_0, z_0)   ~\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x \partial y} = \frac{\partial^2 f(x_0, y_0, z_0)}{\partial x \partial y}

, , . ,

~u''_{xy} = f''_{xy}(x_0, y_0, z_0)

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, . , n- :

  • f^{(n)}(x_0), n :
f^{(1)}(x_0) = f'(x_0) = f^I(x_0),
f^{(2)}(x_0) = f''(x_0) = f^{II}(x_0),
f^{(3)}(x_0) = f'''(x_0) = f^{III}(x_0),
f^{(4)}(x_0) = f^{IV}(x_0),  . .

; .

  • , ( , x  ; ):
\frac{d^n\!f}{dx^n}(x_0)
  • , ( ). , :
\dot{x}(t_0)  x t t=t_0, \ddot{f}(x_0)  f x x_0  . .
  • , ( , , ), , :
 \mathrm{D}^n\!f(x_0),  \partial^n\!f(x_0).
  • U x ( ), U x.

, , :

 f^{(n)}(x_0)= \frac{d^n\!f}{dx^n}(x_0) = \overset {\overbrace{\cdot\cdot ... \cdot}^{n\ \mathrm {PA}3}}f(x_0) = \mathrm{D}^n\!f(x_0).

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  • f(x) = x^2.
f'(x_0) = \lim\limits_{x \to x_0}\frac{x^2 - x_0^2}{x-x_0} = \lim\limits_{x \to x_0}(x+x_0) = 2x_0.
  • f(x) = |x|. x_0 \neq 0,
f '(x_0) = \sgn x_0,

\sgn . x_0 = 0, f'_+(x_0) = 1,\; f'_-(x_0) = -1, f'(x_0) .

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. , , , « », . , , . C  f=f(x), g=g(x)  , :

  • C'=0
  • x'=1
  • \left(f+g\right)'=f '+g'[2]
  • \left(fg\right)'=f'g+fg'[3]
  • \left(Cf\right)'=Cf'
  • \left(\frac{f}{g}\right)'=\frac{f' g-fg'}{g^2} (g 0)
  • \left(\frac{C}{g}\right)'=-\frac{Cg'}{g^2} (g 0)
  • :

\left\{\begin{matrix}x=x(t),\\y=y(t),\end{matrix}\; \; t\in\left[T_1; T_2 \right] \right., y'_x=\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dy}{dt}\cdot \frac{dt}{dx}=y'_t\cdot t'_x=\frac{y'_t}{x'_t}

  • \frac{d}{dx}f(g(x))=\frac{df(g)}{dg}\cdot \frac{dg(x)}{dx}=f'_g g'_x
  • n- ( ):
(f g)^{(n)}=\sum\limits_{k=0}^{n}{C_n^k f^{(n-k)} g^{(k)}}, C_n^k  .

:

  • (a,b), (a,b). , , (, y(x)=|x| [-1,1]);
  • / , x, f'(x)=0 ( );
  • , .
  • (f(x)^{g(x)})' = f(x)^{g(x)} \left (g'(x) \ln f(x) + \frac {g(x)f'(x)} {f(x)}\right ) (\forall x \in D_f:   f(x)>0)

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~f(x) ~f'(x)
~x^\alpha ~\alpha \cdot x^{\alpha-1}
~a^x ~a^x\cdot\ln {a}
~\log_a {x} ~\frac{1}{x\cdot \ln {a}}
~\sin x ~\cos x
~\cos x ~-\sin x
~ \mathrm{tg}\ x ~\frac{1}{\cos^2{x}}
~ \mathrm{ctg}\ x ~-\frac{1}{\sin^2{x}}
~\arcsin{x} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}
~\arccos{x} -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}
~ \mathrm{arctg}\ x ~\frac{1}{1+x^2}
~ \mathrm{arcctg}\ x ~-\frac{1}{1+x^2}
~ \mathrm{sh}\ x ~ \mathrm{ch}\ x
~ \mathrm{ch}\ x ~ \mathrm{sh}\ x
~ \mathrm{th}\ x ~\frac{1}{\mathrm{ch}^2\ x}
~ \mathrm{cth}\ x ~-\frac{1}{\mathrm{sh}^2\ x}

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- \mathbf{r}(t) :

\frac{d}{dt}\mathbf{r}(t)=\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\mathbf{r}(t+h) - \mathbf{r}(t)}{h}.

~t , - . x'(t),\ y'(t),\ z'(t).

- ( , ):

  • \frac{d}{dt} (\mathbf{r_1}(t)+\mathbf{r_2}(t))=\frac{d\mathbf{r_1}(t)}{dt}+\frac{d\mathbf{r_2}(t)}{dt}  .
  • \frac{d}{dt} (f(t)\mathbf{r}(t))=\frac{df(t)}{dt}\mathbf{r}(t) + f(t)\frac{d\mathbf{r}(t)}{dt}  ~f(t)  .
  • \frac{d}{dt} (\mathbf{r_1}(t)\mathbf{r_2}(t))=\frac{d\mathbf{r_1}(t)}{dt}\mathbf{r_2}(t) + \mathbf{r_1}(t)\frac{d\mathbf{r_2}(t)}{dt}  .
  • \frac{d}{dt} [\mathbf{r_1}(t)\mathbf{r_2}(t)]=\left [\frac{d\mathbf{r_1}(t)}{dt}\mathbf{r_2}(t)\right ] + \left [\mathbf{r_1}(t) \frac{d\mathbf{r_2}(t)}{dt}\right]  .
  • \frac{d}{dt} (\mathbf{a}(t),\mathbf{b}(t),\mathbf{c}(t))=\left (\frac{d\mathbf{a}(t)}{dt},\mathbf{b}(t),\mathbf{c}(t)\right) + \left (\mathbf{a}(t),\frac{d\mathbf{b}(t)}{dt},\mathbf{c}(t)\right) + \left (\mathbf{a}(t), \mathbf{b}(t), \frac{d\mathbf{c}(t)}{dt}\right)  .

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  2. , , ,

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