GNU Free Documentation License . .

: ,

 - . . , .

: , ( ). [1].

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X'X Y'Y. O, , .

. 1

A x y. x OB, y  OC . OB OC , A Y'Y X'X .

x , B OX' ( OX, ). y , C OY'. ,OX' OY' ( ).

x A, y  A.


:

A(x,\;y)

A = (x,\;y)

:

x_A, x_B

.

  • , Y'Y , X'X . ( - , ; - ).
  • (I, II, III, IV), X'X Y'Y, (. . 1).
  • A I, A . A II, A . A III, A . A IV, A .

[]

( , - . ) OX, OY OZ. O, , , , . ( [2]) . OX  , OY  , OZ  .

. 2

A x, y z. x OB, y  OC, z  OD . OB, OC OD , A YOZ, XOZ XOY .

x A,
y  A,
z  A.

:

A(x,\;y,\;z)

A = (x,\;y,\;z)

:

x_A,\;y_A,\;z_A

.

, .. , , ( ). , , , B - OX, O ( OX), x A ( OB). .

- ( , ) . , , () . ( .2 ). [3] , ( ). , - , ( , OX 90° OY, OZ).

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, . ( n).

[4] , . :

x_1, x_2, x_3,\dots x_n.

i- :

x_i,

x_i, , , : i = 1, 2, 3, \dots n.

, ( ). - () , , .[5]

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( ) , ( ), , [6].

  • , , (x,y) .1 \vec{OA}.

( ), , :

1. , ). , : , , , - .

2. ( ) .

:

  • :
\mathbf a + \mathbf b = (a_1 + b_1, a_2 + b_2, a_3 + b_3, \dots, a_n + b_n)

(\mathbf a + \mathbf b)_i = a_i + b_i,
c\ \mathbf a = (c\ a_1, c\ a_2, c\ a_3, \dots, c\ a_n)

(c\ \mathbf a)_i = c\ a_i.
:
\mathbf a - \mathbf b = (a_1 - b_1, a_2 - b_2, a_3 - b_3, \dots, a_n - b_n)

(\mathbf a - \mathbf b)_i = a_i - b_i,
\frac{\mathbf a}{\lambda} = \Big(\frac{a_1}{\lambda}, \frac{a_2}{\lambda}, \frac{a_3}{\lambda}, \dots, \frac{a_n}{\lambda}\Big)

\Big(\frac{\mathbf a}{\lambda}\Big)_i = \frac{a_i}{\lambda}.

( n , , ).

\mathbf a \cdot \mathbf b = a_1 b_1 + a_2 b_2 + a_3 b_3 + \dots + a_n b_n

\mathbf a \cdot \mathbf b = \sum\limits_{i=1}^n a_i b_i,

( ).

  • -
|\mathbf a| = \sqrt{\mathbf a\cdot\mathbf a}
\angle{(\mathbf a, \mathbf b)} =
     \mathrm{arccos}\frac{\mathbf a\cdot\mathbf b}{|\mathbf a|\cdot|\mathbf b|}
(\mathbf a \and \mathbf b)_{ij} = a_i b_j - a_j b_i

,

  • ( , ):
(\mathbf a \times \mathbf b)_x = a_y b_z - a_z b_y
(\mathbf a \times \mathbf b)_y = a_z b_x - a_x b_z
(\mathbf a \times \mathbf b)_z = a_x b_y - a_y b_x

, , , .

[]

[7] ( ) [8] , . . , [9].

\mathbf{i}, \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k}

\mathbf{e}_x, \mathbf{e}_y \mathbf{e}_z.

(\vec{i}, \vec{j} \vec{k} \vec{e}_x, \vec{e}_y \vec{e}_z) .

:

  • [\mathbf{i}\,,\mathbf{j}]=\mathbf{k};
  • [\mathbf{j}\,,\mathbf{k}]=\mathbf{i};
  • [\mathbf{k}\,,\mathbf{i}]=\mathbf{j}.

, 3, ( , ) , [10]

\mathbf{e}_1, \mathbf{e}_2, \mathbf{e}_3,\dots \mathbf{e}_n,

n - .

( ):

\mathbf a = a_1\mathbf e_1 + a_2\mathbf e_2 + a_3\mathbf e_3 + \dots + a_n\mathbf e_n

\mathbf a = \sum\limits_{i=1}^n a_i\mathbf e_i,

:

a_i = \mathbf a \cdot \mathbf e_i.

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« » 1637 .   . . , . .

XVIII .

, -, .

[] .

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  1. http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/83196/ . . «» (1637) ( , , ).
  2. , ; , , .. ( , ).
  3. .
  4. , .
  5. , , - ( , ) , . - , , . .
  6. - ; .
  7. - ; .
  8. , ( ).
  9. - .
  10. , e . , .

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  • . . (flash). (10.03.2011). 3 2011.