18 |
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́ (. Aves) , , (, , )[1] , . . 9792 [2] ( 600 (. . , 1992)[3], . . , , .
|
|
[]
«» . *tica, *t, . putns «», . putýtis «», . putus «», putila «», . ul- «», .-. (putrá IAST) «, », .-. (ót IAST) « », -.. *pōu-/*pəu-/*pu-/*pū- «»[4][5]
[]
. , . ( )[6]. . , , , , . , . , , , «», .
, , . , , , . « » , . ( ) ( ). , . .
, , : 1228 % [6]. 42,2 °, 45,5 °[6]. , .
, , , . . ( ), VII 86 [2]. 1200 .
[]
- (Mellisuga helenae) 5,7 , (Struthio camelus) 270 156 [7]. , 66 000 [8].
(Vultur gryphus) 11,4 , 3,1 [9]. 117 135 [10][11].
(Diomedea exulans) 117 , 3,25 [12][13].
[]
[]
IV . . « » « » «» Ornithes[14][15]. , XVII . 1676 Ornithologiae libri tres, [16][17]. , , . , 1758 , , [18].
, , , , , , , Aves ( ). Aves [19]. , Aves Crocodilia () Archosauria (). , (Archaeopteryx lithographica) , 150155 , [20]. , () . , , , Aves , , , , , . Avialae, , [21].
Neornithes, , Paleognathae, ( , , ), Neognathae, ( ). , [19]. 9800[2] 10 050[22] .
[]
, , [24]. , , - . , XX XXI - , , [25]. , , [26], , . , , .
[]
, (Deinonychosauria) , (Dromaeosauridae) (Troodontidae). , Paraves. (Microraptor gui) , . , , , [27][28].
1860 , 150 . , , , , . , , . , , Aves Avialae, [29]. , 75 [30].
[]
, 100 , XIX [31]. , (Pseudosuchia) . «» , [32]. , , - [33]. , , .
, , , , (Longisquama). , , . 1990- , , , [34], - . , , -[35]. [36]. , , , «-», .
, . . . , (Protoavis texensis), 75 , [31][37]. 1991 , . , , , . , , «», . , [38].
[]
|
, . , , [39]. , , , . , (Jeholornis) [39]. , (Pygostylia), 46 , , .
(Enantiornithes), « », , . , [39]. (Ichthyornithes), , [40]. , . , [39].
[]
, (Vegavis iaai), , [41] , . , . Galloanserae , (, , ) (, , , ). , , , , Galloanserae , . , , ( ) [42]. : , . [42][43].
. - « » (Phylogeny and Classification of Birds), 1990 [44]. . , [45], ; , . .
[]
, , , , . , . , , , . , (Pagodroma nivea) 440 [46]. (, ), , . : 5500 6500 , , , , ., , 7000 9000 ... . , . , [47]. 5060 , 300 .[48]. : 85 % , 15 %. , , , .
, ( ) . - . , , . , - ( , . .). , , . ( « »). . . . -, . Dendroica kirtlandi 140 160 .
, . : , XIX , - , [49]. : , - [50]. , , [51], (Milvago chimachima)[52] [53] , .
[]
, [55]. . , . . . , , , . : , , . , ( ). , [55]. . , . , [26]. ; , , .
, , . , , [56].
, , , , [57].
[]
, . , . , , ( , , , .). , , [58].
, , . . , , , . , . . , , [58]. ( ) ( ), , , - . , . . (,, .), (, , , .), (). . (, .) . , . , [58].
, , . () , ; , . , ; , [58].
, . , 1000 , 1,5 2 500, 5 6 000, 1012 000, 25 000 . . , [58].
, , . , , [60].
, , . , , , , [61]. . , [62] [63]. , . : . , , - . : , , , . . [58].
. , (, ) . . : , , , [58].
: , . , , (Clangula hyemalis) . . , . , , , . , , [64]. , [65].
, 9 % , [66]. , . [61]. , , . , , . , [67]. , , «», .
[]
. , «», [68].
[60]. . , , .
, , . . , , , , [58].
, , . , , . , . . Ÿ 1125 . , [69]. (925). . , . () () . 310 , , . , , [60]. 5 9. (). . ( ) , . , , ( ); (, .) . , () , . . .
, , , . , , «». , . .
( ) , - (). . , . , . (, , )[58].
, 2-3-4-5. : , . : , , . [58]. , , , . (, , ) , ( ) . , . ; , , [58]. . ; , .
. , , , . . ( , , ) (, , ). , [58].
[]
. [55] , , . (, , , .) , . , , . : ( ) . , . , , , . , [55][70]. (, , , . .) ( , , .) [58].
: 3 12 , . , . . . (, , .) , [58]. , , . , [55].
, [71]. : 810 .[55], 30 . 6 , [55]. . 30 50 % [58].
, , , , , , . . , [72][73]. , , , [74]. ( )[60].
(, , , .) ( , .) , , [58].
[]
, . [60]. , . , ; . , . , [58]. . 5 , , , . [55]. : , ( )[58].
˸ , . 25 % , 75 % . , , . , , [78]. . , , [55]. , . . [55].
[]
, (larynx) (syrinx). , . . , [79].
, , . . , , . . [79]. . - [79]. , , [79].
[]
. . , ( [ 2][55]) , [60]. - , [55]. , , , . . [55].
, . , , . , 250 , 450 \, 200300 \[58]. 460 , 1000 \[58].
[]
, [55]. . : , , , , . 0,04- 0,09 % , 0,2 5-8 % [80].
, , , . . , , , . , [60].
, , . , , . . , [55]. , , . , . , , , . , , [81]. , . , . [82], [83] [84].
. . , [55].
[]
. , , , . , , , , [71].
[]
. (- 1 ). , . , . , , ( )[85] , , 360° 180° , , , [86]. , , [87]. , , [60]. , , , [88]. , , , , ; , , [89].
, . , . , ; , . , (Otus) , , [91].. , .
.
[]
, . , . : 250300 . , . (, , ) , ; [55][58].
, , , . . . ( 26 000 ). ( 510 ), . , ; [58]. , . , , , . , [55].
[]
[]
.[60] , , .
, .[92] , «», , , [93], (, .)[94], [95], [96]. , . , , .[97] , .[92] ( «») . , , - .[98] , - , . , , . . , (Phalacrocorax neglectus), , 1980- (Sufflogobius bibarbatus) Jasus lalandii.[99]
[]
. ( , , ), , . (, , , , , , , )[100].
. ( ), (, , 10 ). 100400 [101].
, . 12 , (1324 -). , , , ( )[100].
. , . ; [100].
, , . , , . (, ). . , [100].
, , . , [102][103]. . , , . , - , . , , , . (Pіprіdae) , , [104].
( ) [105] , [106]. , , , , , , [106].
( , , , .)[79]. (Mіmus) . , , (Sturnus vulgarіs). (Psіttacus erіthacus), , (Cacatua galerіta) (Amazona). , (Corvus monedula), (Pіca pіca) (Corvus corax)[107].
, . , (Euphonіa lanііrostrіs) . , (Mіcrastur mіrandolleі) , , [108].
[]
, . , , . . ( , ) , (, ) . [109]:
- ,
- ,
: . , . , , . , . , , , , . , [110]. , , . . . , . , . , , , . , , .
, . , : , . , [109].
(. hovering) . . , . (. windhovering). , : , , , , .
, , , . , , , , , , [58][111].
- , . (, , .) (, .) , . . , . (, , , .) , . , ; [58].
, [58]. [58], , . . , , , [58].
[]
. . , [112].
[]
| .
, .
, . |
[]
. , , , , , , , . , , , . , , , . , ; , . , .
, . , , , . . , , . , , . . . , , . , . , , , .
, , ., , (). , . , , , , , . , , , , . (Ptilorhynchus, Chlamydera, Sericulus), , , (Amblyornis ) . , .
, , , , . , . . , , , , , . , , - . . , . , .
, , .
[]
| .
, .
, . |
[]
250 [114]. , , , . «» , [115][116][117]. ( ), , .
, , «»[118]. , , , [119]. (Thamnophilidae), , , , , , , .
[]
. , . . , , [120].
, . : , , , , , , , .[120]
, , . - , , c (Nyctibius griseus) , . (Podargus strigoides) [120].
: , «--» (, ), [123][124][125].
[]
[]
[]
[]
Ornithurae, Neornithes, Saururae, Archaeornithes. .
2 , 33 (6 ) 213 ( 42 ). 9000 , 20002400 . .
- Paleognathae
- (Casuariiformes)
- (Apterygiformes)
- (Rheiformes)
- (Struthioniformes)
- , (Tinamiformes)
- (Aepyornithiformes)
- Neognathae
- , (Ciconiiformes, Gressores)
- , (Procellariiformes, Tubinares)
- (Passeriformes)
- (Gaviiformes)
- (Hesperornithiformes)
- (Columbiformes)
- (Anseriformes)
- (Diatrymiformes Gastornithiformes)
- (Piciformes)
- (Gruiformes)
- (Ichthyornithiformes)
- (Caprimulgiformes)
- (Trochiliformes)
- (Cuculiformes)
- (Galliformes)
- , (Pelecaniformes, Steganopodiformes)
- (Sphenisciformes)
- (Podicipediformes)
- (Psittaciformes)
- - (Coliiformes)
- (Coraciiformes)
- (Charadriiformes)
- (Pteroclidiformes)
- (Strigiformes)
- , (Falconiformes)
- , (Apodiformes)
- (Trogoniformes)
- (Musophagiformes)
- (Phoeriicopteri)
[]
[]
(Phalacrocorax capillatus) 13 , . . , , , . , [126][127].
[]
[]
- , , . . , . . - . 1600 94 . , : , , . . 9 , 85 , [128].
[]
[]
, « », . , , , , [129][130]. 250 [129]. «» , , , , . (, , .), (, , ), (, , , ) ( ). , . .[129]. , , , , . , . . , (, , ) , . , , . . . , , , , . XVII . , . , , 3 . [131]. . . ( ) .
[]
[]
|
[] .
[]
[]
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