, 1865 1877 , , , . , -, , -, 1865 - 1866 1877 . . ; , 1877 .
, 1865 . , , , , . «» ( ) . 1866 , 1867 « ». , . .[1]. [2] . , , , .
. , --, . 1873 . , .
1877 . . , , . , - [3]. 1960 .
|
|
[]
1861 . . 1862 . . , [4][5][6]. , , , , , . , (, , ). 1862 . , , [7]. . , , , , [6][8][9].
. , , , . [10]. , , 1863 . ( ), , , [6][10][11].
, 1862 ., . , , (, , ), , . , . , , , [6][11][12].
1863 . . , 10 [13]. 10 % , . , [14][15][16].
1865 . . , , , , , , 40 [21][22][23].
[]
. -, , -, , .
. . , . , , , 10 15 [24].
4 . , . , , .
, , « » [25]. 1865 . : « , , , , , , [ ] , »[26].
, . , , , 25 %, 33 %. 9 %, 70 %[27]. 1900 . [28].
, 1867 . , . 1500 . , [29]. , [30].
1890 1908 . , [31].
[]
-[32]. . , , , . , , . , , , , [33][34]. . , 1866 .[35]
, , . , .
; , , , . , , , . , , , . , , . , , .(.)The number of murders and assaults perpetrated upon Negroes is very great; we can form only an approximative estimate of what is going on in those parts of the South which are not closely garrisoned, and from which no regular reports are received, by what occurs under the very eyes of our military authorities. As to my personal experience, I will only mention that during my two days sojourn at Atlanta, one Negro was stabbed with fatal effect on the street, and three were poisoned, one of whom died. While I was at Montgomery, one negro was cut across the throat evidently with intent to kill, and another was shot, but both escaped with their lives. Several papers attached to this report give an account of the number of capital cases that occurred at certain places during a certain period of time. It is a sad fact that the perpetration of those acts is not confined to that class of people which might be called the rabble.
Carl Schurz, "Report on the Condition of the South", December 1865 (U.S. Senate Exec. Doc. No. 2, 39th Congress, 1st session).[38]
, 1865 . [39], [39]. . 1866 . . , [39]. .
[]
, , , [40]. . , , . , .
1867 . , ( , , , , , [41]). 20 . .
[42]. , , , [43][44]. 1870 . , 1872 . 500 .
1868 . , [45], [46] , [47][48]. , -- . , . 1871 . -- , . , -, [49]. . , 1870 . , [50].
| 1867 . | ||||
| % | (% 1870 .)[53] |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 80 | 25 | 76 | 58 | |
| 107 | 13 | 89 | 63 | |
| 48 | 76 | 39 | 41 | |
| 133 | 33 | 80 | 54 | |
| 28 | 18 | 61 | 51 | |
| 92 | 16 | 85 | 52 | |
| 68 | 17 | 80 | 46 | |
| 25 | 44 | 36 | 50 | |
| 81 | 9 | 90 | 69 | |
: Rhodes (1920) v 6 p. 199; .
| 18701876 . | |||
| 69 | 0 | 4 | |
| 8 | 0 | 0 | |
| 30 | 0 | 1 | |
| 41 | 0 | 1 | |
| 87 | 0 | 1 | |
| 112 | 2 | 1 | |
| 30 | 0 | 1 | |
| 190 | 0 | 6 | |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| 19 | 0 | 0 | |
| 46 | 0 | 0 | |
| 633 | 2 | 15 | |
| . E. Foner, Reconstruction: Americas unfinished revolution, 18631877 (NY: Harper & Row, 1988), pp. 3545. | |||
[]
, , [54]. , . , - [55]. . . , . , [56]. , , [57], 1890 .[58][59] . , , .
. , , . 200 , [60]. , . , , [61]. , , , 11 . (17,700 km) 1870 . 29 . (46,700 km) 1890 . [62][63].
. , , , . , [64]. , , , . , , , . [65]. [66][58].
[]
, . , , [67]. , --, [68][69]. , « , , , , , , ». , , « .., , , »[70].
, , . . , , , «» . , , , . , «» , , .(.)Outrages upon the former slaves in the South there were in plenty. Their sufferings were many. But white men, too, were victims of lawless violence, and in all portions of the North and the late "rebel" states. Not a political campaign passed without the exchange of bullets, the breaking of skulls with sticks and stones, the firing of rival club-houses. Republican clubs marched the streets of Philadelphia, amid revolver shots and brickbats, to save the negroes from the "rebel" savages in Alabama... The project to make voters out of black men was not so much for their social elevation as for the further punishment of the Southern white peoplefor the capture of offices for Radical scamps and the entrenchment of the Radical party in power for a long time to come in the South and in the country at large.
13 1873 ., , 120 150 , , 50 [72].
1870 . , , . , . - --[73]. 1873 . . , , . , , [74]. 1874 . , . , . 1874 . , , ( ).
1874 . . « », « ». [75] , [76]. « » [77]. 1875 . « » , . [78]. 1876 . , , . 1876 . 150 [79].
, , , , , .
[] 1876 . 1877
1876 . . , . , 1877 . . . . , . , , [80]. , , 1877 . [81].
, 4 1877 . ( ). 1879 . [82]. , (, ) [83]. , . , .
[] .
[]
- Foner, Eric (Winter 2009). «If Lincoln hadnt died...» 58 (6). July 26, 2010.
- , .
- Bruce E. Baker, What Reconstruction Meant: Historical Memory in the American South (2007)
- Cimbala, Miller, and Syrette (2002), An uncommon time: the Civil War and the northern home front, pp. 285, 305
- Wagner, Gallagher, and McPherson, The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference, pp. 735, 736
- 1 2 3 4 Williams (2006), «Doing Less» and «Doing More», pp. 54-59
- Guelzo Allen C. Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President. 1999.
- Trefousse (1991), Historical dictionary of reconstruction, p. viiii
- Abraham Lincoln. 12 2012. 07-21-2010.
- 1 2 Guelzo Allen C. Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President. 1999.
- 1 2 Catton (1963), Terrible Swift Sword, pp. 365367, 461468
- Guelzo (2004), Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America, p. 1
- Stauffer (2008), Giants, p. 279
- Peterson (1995) Lincoln in American Memory, pp. 38-41
- McCarthy (1901), Lincolns plan of Reconstruction, p. 76
- Stauffer (2008), Giants, p. 280
- Jones . P. 72.
- Harris J. William The Making of the American South: a Short History 1500- 1977. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. P. 240.
- Edwards Laura F. Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997. P. 53.
- Hunter . P. 34.
- see
- Freedmen's Bureau (1998).( ) 29 2010.
- Belz (1998) Abraham Lincoln, constitutionalism, and equal rights in the Civil War era, pp. 138,141,145
- Foner 1988 pp 2736
- William Gienapp, Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America (2002), p. 155
- Johnson to Gov. William L. Sharkey, August 1865 quoted in Franklin (1961), p. 42
- Ayers pg. 418
- James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 18601935, pp.244245
- Eric Foner, Freedoms lawmakers: a directory of Black officeholders during Reconstruction (1993)
- Ellen DuBois, Feminism and suffrage: The emergence of an independent womens movement in America (1978)
- Glenn Feldman, The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama, (2004), p.136.
- Trefousse c1989
- Donald, Civil War and Reconstruction (2001) ch 31
- Oberholtzer 1:128-9
- Donald (2001) p. 527
- Hunter . P. 67.
- Barney, The Passage of the Republic, p. 251, pp. 284286
- Report on the Condition of the South / Schurz, Carl, 18291906:
- 1 2 3 Schouler James History of the United States of America under the Constitution, Volume 7 The Reconstruction Period. 1913. P. 4357.
- Fellman (2003) pp 301310; Foner (1988) entitles his chapter 6, «The Making of Radical Reconstruction.» Trefousse (1968) and Hyman (1967) put «Radical Republicans» in the title. Benedict (1974) argues the Radical Republicans were conservative on many other issues.
- Foner 1988 ch 6
- Gabriel J. Chin, "The 'Voting Rights Act of 1867': The Constitutionality of Federal Regulation of Suffrage During Reconstruction, " 82 North Carolina Law Review 1581 (2004)
- Foner 1988, ch 6-7
- Randolph Campbell, Gone to Texas 2003 p. 276.
- Brogan (1985), The Penguin History of the United States of America, p. 357358; Smith (2001), Grant, pp. 455457
- Simpson, Brooks D. «Ulysses S. Grant and the Freedmens Bureau», in The Freedmens Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations, edited by Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller. New York: Fordham University Press, 1999
- Smith (2001)
- Grant, pp. 437453, 458460
- David Quigley, «Constitutional Revision and the City: The Enforcement Acts and Urban America, 18701894,» Journal of Policy History, Jan 2008, Vol. 20 Issue 1, pp 64-75
- Smith (2001), Grant, p. 547
- , , - , . . 1834 March 28 article in This Day in Georgia History compiled by Ed Jackson and Charles Pou; cf. Rufus Bullock.
- Foner 1988 ch 7; Foner, Freedoms Lawmakers, introduction.
- The statistics of the population of the United States, embracing the tables of race, nationality, sex, selected ages, and occupations. To which are added the statistics of school attendance and illiteracy, of schools, libraries, newspapers, periodicals, churches, pauperism and crime, and of areas, families, and dwellings Table 1. United States Census Bureau. Last Retrieved 2007-10-20
- W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 18601880. (1935)
- James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 18601935. (1988), pp. 615
- Foner 365-8
- Franklin 139
- 1 2 Lynch 1913
- B. D. Mayberry, A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University, 18901990 (1992)
- Foner 387
- Franklin pp 14148; Summers 1984
- Stover 1955
- Franklin p147-8
- Foner 375
- Foner 376
- Foner 415-16
- Marek D. Steedman, "Resistance, Rebirth, and Redemption: The Rhetoric of White Supremacy in Post-Civil War Louisiana, « Historical Reflections, Spring 2009, Vol. 35#1, pp 97-113
- Fleming Walter L. The Sequel of Appomattox: A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1919. P. 21.
- T. Harry Williams, An Analysis of Reconstruction Attitudes» (1940)
- Walter Lynwood Fleming, Documentary History of the Reconstruction (Cleveland, 1907), II, pp. 3289
- Oberholtzer, vol 1 p 485
- Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War, New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, Pbk. 2007, pp. 1521
- Foner, ch 9
- Foner p545-7
- Danielle Alexander, «Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction», Humanities, January/February 2004, vol.25/No.1. Retrieved 14 April 2008.
- Foner 555-56
- George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984, p.132
- Foner ch 11
- Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War, New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, paperback, 2007, p.174
- Foner 604
- Woodward (1966), Reunion and reaction: the compromise of 1877 and the end of reconstruction, pp. 3-15
- Nell Irvin Painter, Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction (1976)
- James T. Moore, «Black Militancy in Readjuster Virginia, 18791883,» Journal of Southern History, Vol. 41, No. 2 (May, 1975), pp. 167186 in JSTOR
[]
- Barney, William L. Passage of the Republic: An Interdisciplinary History of Nineteenth Century America (1987). D. C. Heath ISBN 0-669-04758-9
- Bradley, Mark L. Bluecoats and Tar Heels: Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina (University Press of Kentucky, 2009) 370 pp. ISBN 978-0-8131-2507-7
- Brogan Hugh The Penguin History of the United States of America. London, England: Penguin Books, 1985.
- Brown, Thomas J., ed. Reconstructions: New Perspectives on Postbellum America (2006) essays by 8 scholars excerpt and text search
- An uncommon time: the Civil War and the northern home front. Fordham University Press, 2002.
- Donald, David H. et al. Civil War and Reconstruction (2001), standard textbook
- Du Bois, W.E.B. Black Reconstruction in America 18601880 (1935), Counterpoint to Dunning School explores the economics and politics of the era from Marxist perspective
- Du Bois, W.E.B. "Reconstruction and its Benefits, " American Historical Review, 15 (July, 1910), 78199 online edition
- Dunning, William Archibald. Reconstruction: Political & Economic, 18651877 (1905). Influential summary of Dunning School; blames Carpetbaggers for failure of Reconstruction. online edition
- Etcheson, Nicole. "Reconstruction and the Making of a Free-Labor South, " Reviews in American History, Volume 37, Number 2, June 2009 in Project MUSE
- Fitzgerald, Michael W. Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South (2007), 224pp; excerpt and text search
- Guelzo Allen C. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America. New York: Simon & Shuster Paperbacks, 2004.
- Walter Lynwood Fleming The Sequel of Appomattox, A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States(1918). From Dunning School. [1]
- Fleming, Walter L. Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama 1905. the most detailed study; Dunning School full text online
- Foner, Eric and Mahoney, Olivia. Americas Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War. ISBN 0-8071-2234-3, short well-illustrated survey
- Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: Americas Unfinished Revolution, 18631877 (1988) ISBN 0-06-015851-4. Pulitzer-prize winning history and most detailed synthesis of original and previous scholarship.
- Foner, Eric. Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. 2005. 268 pp.
- Ford, Lacy K., ed. A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction. Blackwell, 2005. 518 pp.
- Franklin, John Hope. Reconstruction after the Civil War (1961), 280 pages. ISBN 0-226-26079-8. By a leading black historian
- Harris, William C. With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (1997) portrays Lincoln as opponent of Radicals.
- Henry, Robert Selph. The Story of Reconstruction (1938), popular
- The Emancipation Proclamation: three views (social, political, iconographic). Louisiana State University Press, 2006.
- Jenkins, Wilbert L. Climbing up to Glory: A Short History of African Americans during the Civil War and Reconstruction. (2002). 285 pp.
- Litwack, Leon. Been in the Storm So Long (1979). Pulitzer Prize; social history of the freedmen
- McPherson, James and James Hogue. Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (2009)
- Milton, George Fort. The Age of Hate: Andrew Johnson and the Radicals. (1930). online edition; from Dunning School
- McCarthy Charles Hallan Lincoln's plan of reconstruction. New York: McClure, Philips, & Company, 1901.
- Perman, Michael. Emancipation and Reconstruction (2003). 144 pp.
- Peterson Merrill D. Lincoln in American Memory. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
- Randall, J. G. The Civil War and Reconstruction (1953). Long the standard survey, with elaborate bibliography
- Rhodes, James G. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. Volume: 6. (1920). 1865-72; Volume: 7. (1920). 1872-77; Highly detailed narrative by Pulitzer prize winner; argues was a political disaster because it violated the rights of white Southerners. vol 6 18651872 online; vol 7 online vol 6 online at Google.books vol 7 in Google.books
- Richardson, Heather Cox. West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America after the Civil War (2007)
- Simpson, Brooks D. The Reconstruction Presidents (2009)
- Stalcup, Brenda. ed. Reconstruction: Opposing Viewpoints (Greenhaven Press: 1995). Uses primary documents to present opposing viewpoints.
- Stampp, Kenneth M. The Era of Reconstruction, 18651877 (1967); short survey; rejects Dunning School analysis.
- Stampp, Kenneth M. and Leon M. Litwack, eds. Reconstruction: An Anthology of Revisionist Writings, " (1969), essays by scholars
- Summers, Mark Wahlgren. A Dangerous Stir: Fear, Paranoia, and the Making of Reconstruction (2009) excerpt and text search
- Trefousse, Hans L. Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction Greenwood (1991), 250 entries
- The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference. New York: Simon & Shuster Paperbacks, 2002.
- Woodward C. Vann Reunion and reaction: the compromise of 1877 and the end of reconstruction. Oxford University Press, 1966.
- American Annual Cyclopedia1868 (1869), online, highly detailed compendium of facts and primary sources
- American Annual Cyclopediafor 1869 (1870), large compendium of facts, thorough national coverage; includes also many primary documents online edition
- Appletons Annual Cyclopediafor 1870 (1871)
- American Annual Cyclopediafor 1872 (1873)
- Appletons Annual Cyclopediafor 1873 (1879) online edition
- Appletons Annual Cyclopediafor 1875 (1877)
- Appletons Annual Cyclopedia for 1876 (1885) online edition
- Appletons Annual Cyclopediafor 1877 (1878)
- Barnes, William H., ed.,History of the Thirty-ninth Congress of the United States. (1868) summary of Congressional activity.
- Berlin, Ira, ed. Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 18611867 (1982), 970 pp of archival documents; also Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War ed by Ira Berlin, Barbara J. Fields, and Steven F. Miller (1993)
- Blaine, James.Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield. With a review of the events which led to the political revolution of 1860 (1886). By Republican Congressional leader vol 2 online
- Fleming, Walter L. Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial 2 vol (1906). Presents a broad collection of primary sources; vol 1 on national politics; vol 2 on states vol 2 online
- Ford, Lacy K., ed. A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction. (2005). 518 pp
- Memoirs of W. W. Holden (1911), North Carolina Scalawag governor
- Hyman, Harold M., ed. The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction, 18611870. (1967), collection of long political speeches and pamphlets.
- Lynch, John R. The Facts of Reconstruction. (New York: 1913)Full text online One of first black congressmen during Reconstruction.
- Edward McPherson, The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction (1875), large collection of speeches and primary documents, 18651870, complete text online. [The copyright has expired.]
- Palmer, Beverly Wilson and Holly Byers Ochoa, eds. The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens 2 vol (1998), 900pp; his speeches plus and letters to and from Stevens
- Palmer, Beverly Wilson, ed. The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner 2 vol (1990); vol 2 covers 18591874
- Pike, James Shepherd The prostrate state: South Carolina under negro government (1874)
- Reid, Whitelaw After the war: a southern tour, May 1, 1865 to May 1, 1866. (1866) by Republican editor
- Sumner, Charles «Our Domestic Relations: or, How to Treat the Rebel States» Atlantic Monthly September 1863, early abolitionist manifesto
- DeBows Review major Southern conservative magazine; stress on business, economics and statistics
- Harpers Weekly leading New York news magazine; pro-Radical
- Nast, Thomas. magazine cartoons pro-Radical editorial cartoons
- Primary sources from Gilder-Lehrman collection
- The New York Times daily edition online through ProQuest at academic libraries
| () | |
|---|---|
| 1776 |
- (17541763) (1773) (1774) (17751783) (17751781) (1776) |
| 1787 1854 |
|
| 1861 1897 |
|
| 1898 1929 |
|
| 1933 1961 |
(19501953) PBSUCCESS (19551968) (19571975) |
| 1962 1992 |
|
| 1992 2005 |
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