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  1. Reproductive System 2001 Body Guide powered by Adam
  2. Introduction to the Reproductive System. SEERs Training Website. U.S. National Cancer Institutes Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program.
  3. STDs Today National Prevention Network, Center for Disease Control, United States Government, retrieving 2007
  4. L. Werdelina, and A. Nilsonne 1999. The Evolution of the Scrotum and Testicular Descent in Mammals: a Phylogenetic View. Journal of Theoretical Biology Volume 196, Issue 1
  5. Descent of the testicles. P.Z. Myers. Pharyngula blog. 2004.
  6. Avian Reproduction: Anatomy & the Bird Egg Gary Ritchison. BIO 554/754 Ornithology. Eastern Kentucky University.
  7. Grzimek B. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Volume 5 Fishes II & Amphibians..  New York: Van Nostrand Reihnhold Co., 1974.  P. p. 301-302.
  8. Fish Reproduction
  9. Science, Biology, and Terminology of Fish reproduction: Reproductive modes and strategies-part 1. 2002. MARTIN MOE. THE BREEDERS NET Online Magazine
  10. Bony Fish Reproduction 2002. SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Animal Information Database.
  11. Cephalopods. The Living World of Molluscs. Robert Nordsieck.