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- Reproductive System 2001 Body Guide powered by Adam
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- STDs Today National Prevention Network, Center for Disease Control, United States Government, retrieving 2007
- L. Werdelina, and A. Nilsonne 1999. The Evolution of the Scrotum and Testicular Descent in Mammals: a Phylogenetic View. Journal of Theoretical Biology Volume 196, Issue 1
- Descent of the testicles. P.Z. Myers. Pharyngula blog. 2004.
- Avian Reproduction: Anatomy & the Bird Egg Gary Ritchison. BIO 554/754 Ornithology. Eastern Kentucky University.
- Grzimek B. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Volume 5 Fishes II & Amphibians.. New York: Van Nostrand Reihnhold Co., 1974. P. p. 301-302.
- Fish Reproduction
- Science, Biology, and Terminology of Fish reproduction: Reproductive modes and strategies-part 1. 2002. MARTIN MOE. THE BREEDERS NET Online Magazine
- Bony Fish Reproduction 2002. SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Animal Information Database.
- Cephalopods. The Living World of Molluscs. Robert Nordsieck.
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