| Bhārat Gaarājya |
Republic of India |
||||
|
|
|||||
| : «Satyameva Jayate (. ) « »» | |||||
| : «Jana-Gana-Mana» | |||||
| 15 1947 ( ) | |||||
| , 21 | |||||
| - | |||||
- |
(Pratibha Patil) (Manmohan Singh) |
||||
% . |
7- 3 287 590 ² 9,5 |
||||
(2010) |
▲ 1 210 193 422[1] . (2-) 364 ./² |
||||
(2010) |
4,001 $[2] $ (3-) 3,290[3] $ |
||||
| (2011) | 0,547 () (134-) | ||||
| , , | |||||
| (INR, 67) |
|||||
| - | .in | ||||
| +91 | |||||
| +5:30 | |||||
́ ́ ( , Bhārat Gaarājya IAST, . Republic of India) . , . , , -, . , -, - -[4]. [5].
. , [6].
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XIIXIII [43], XIII [44]. , . . - , , , . , . , .
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1857 , - , « ». , . , , , . , - . , . [55].
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-[56][57]. 1920 . 1929 - , . , 1947 .
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1947 , . , , , 500 000 [58]. 12 , [58].
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, , - , XXI , . , 2001 . 2008 , 100 .
XX - . , 1962 (- ). : 1947, 1965 1971 . ( ) 1999 , .
1974 , , , « »[59]. 1998 [59]. , 1991 , [7]. 1996 , . 2004 . 22 2004 - .
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. (3 287 590 ², , : 90,44 %, : 9,56 %) (1 192 910 000 .)[4]. , , -, . , -, - -[4]. [5].
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, , [60]. ( ) . , , . 1956 [61]. , .
, . 600 [62]. .
| (2007) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | . Andhra Pradesh آندھرا پردیش |
275068 | 80 499 421 | ||
| - | . Arunachal Pradesh |
83743 | 1 230 660 | ||
| . Assam . |
78438 | 28 729 164 | |||
| . Bihar |
99200 | 94 129 492 | |||
| . Goa |
3702 | 1 433 952 | |||
| . Gujarat ુ |
196024 | 55 696 629 | |||
| . Jammu and Kashmir جموں و کشمیر جۄم تٕ کٔشېر |
222236 | 11 442 151 | |||
| . Jharkhand |
74677 | 29 863 038 | |||
| . West Bengal ্্ |
88752 | 86 787 185 | |||
| . Karnataka ಕ್ನಾಟಕ |
191791 | 56 788 225 | |||
| . Kerala കളം |
38863 | 32 976 282 | |||
| - | . Madhya Pradesh |
308252 | 67 350 486 | ||
| . Manipur ু |
22327 | 2 722 938 | |||
| . Maharashtra |
307690 | 106 811 880 | |||
| . Meghalaya |
22429 | 2 633 349 | |||
| . Mizoram |
21081 | 1 018 406 | |||
| . Nagaland |
16579 | 2 585 906 | |||
| . Orissa |
155707 | 39 285 142 | |||
| . Punjab .-. ੍ਹ |
50362 | 26 434 809 | |||
| . Rajasthan |
342239 | 63 904 350 | |||
| . Sikkim |
7096 | 622 831 | |||
| - | . Tamil Nadu . மிழ்நாடு |
130058 | 64 881 871 | ||
| . Tripura ্ু |
10486 | 3 441 822 | |||
| . Uttarakhand |
51125 | 9 237 587 | |||
| - | . Uttar Pradesh اتر پردیش |
243286 | 186 296 036 | ||
| . Haryana ਹਿਣਾ |
44212 | 23 822 640 | |||
| - | . Himachal Pradesh |
55673 | 6 552 621 | ||
| . Chhattisgarh |
135194 | 22 529 537 | |||
| . Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
- | 8249 | 405 525 | ||
| - | . Dadra and Nagar Haveli |
491 | 278 826 | ||
| . Daman and Diu |
112 | 200 284 | |||
| . Lakshadweep ലക്്വ |
32 | 65 545 | |||
| . Pondicherry . Pondichéry ുു്ി . ுு்ி |
492 | 1 071 578 | |||
| . Chandigarh |
114 | 1 074 625 | |||
| . Delhi دلی ਿਲ |
1483 | 16 862 735 | |||
[]
75 , , , - , 50 [63]. , , -[63]. , , , [64] - [65]. , , [66]. , , . [67]. , , . , , , [68]. , , . , 1 . , , , , , , , , , , , .
6°44' 35°30' [69] 68°7' 97°25' [70]
7,517 , , 5,423 , 2,094 , [4]. : 43 % , 11 % , 46 % [4]. , , , (), (). , .
- , , , , , . , , . - - .
[]
, «», , - , «», , , , . , . , , , .
, , ; [71]. . . , , , , [72], , [73] . . .
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, [76]. - , , [77][78]. - , [76]. : , , [79].
: - ( ); - ( ); ( ). 80 % . ( 6000 ), ( 12000 ). - ( 100 , 9-10 ) (300500 , 8-9 ). . 15 27 °C, 28-35 °C, 45-48 °C. 28 °C. 1500 1 °C, 23 °C, 3500 8 °C 18 °C.
[]
- . 7,6 % , 12,6 % , 6,2 % , 4,4 % , 11,7 % , 6,0 % [80]. , - , ; , 33 % [81][82]. , ́ , , : , , - , . , , , , . , , , , . - , [83].
. - , . . ( 1200 ), , , , 3000 . 1500 , , .
, , - . . , , 20 , [84]. , , [83]. , , 12,6 % 4,5 % , 45,8 % 55,8 % [80]. , , . 172 , , 2,9 % [85]. , , , - , .
. , . , 1935 . 1972 « »[86] « » ; , 1980 « »[87]. 500- , 13 [88], ; 25 - [89].
[]
| . | . | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13 662 885 | 11 | 2 997 114 | |||||||
| 2 | 11 954 217 | 12 | - | 2 621 063 | ||||||
| 3 | 5 180 533 | 13 | 2 394 434 | |||||||
| 4 | 5 021 458 | 14 | 2 359 331 | |||||||
| 5 | 4 562 843 | 15 | - | 1 768 303 | ||||||
| 6 | - | 3 980 938 | 16 | 1 753 543 | ||||||
| 7 | 3 867 336 | 17 | - | 1 742 375 | ||||||
| 8 | 3 230 322 | 18 | 1 673 465 | |||||||
| 9 | 3 124 249 | 19 | 1 662 325 | |||||||
| 10 | - | 3 067 663 | 20 | - | 1 590 073 | |||||
(1,2 ) [90]. 70 % , . ( ), , ( ), ( ), , [60]. , [60]. 64,8 % (53,7 % 75,3 % )[90]. (91 %)[91], (47 %)[92]. . 51,5 %, 48,5 %. : 944 1000 . 24,9 , 1,38 %; 1000 22,01 [90]. 2001 , 14 40,2 % , 15-59 54,4 %, 60 5,4 %. 2,3 %.
[]
- (74 % ) (24 % ). , , - . , [93], [94]. , , « »[95]; , . 21 , . 1652 [96].
| 2001 [97] ( 1,004.59 ) |
||||
| 1 | [98] | 422 048 642 | 41,03 % | |
| 2 | 83 369 769 | 8,11 % | , , , | |
| 3 | 74 002 856 | 7,37 % | -, , -, , | |
| 4 | 71 936 894 | 6,99 % | , , -, , -, | |
| 5 | 60 793 814 | 5,91 % | -, , , -, , | |
| 6 | 51 536 111 | 5,01 % | , -, , , - | |
| 7 | 46 091 617 | 4,48 % | , , - | |
| 8 | 37 924 011 | 3,69 % | ||
| 9 | 33 066 392 | 3,21 % | , , , | |
| 10 | 33 017 446 | 3,21 % | ||
| 11 | 29 102 477 | 2,83 % | , , , | |
| 12 | 13 168 484 | 1,28 % | ||
| 13 | 12 179 122 | 1,18 % | ||
| 14 | 6 469 600 | 0,63 % | - , , | |
| 15 | 5 527 698 | 0,54 % | ||
| 16 | 2 871 749 | 0,28 % | , , | |
| 17 | 2 535 485 | 0,25 % | , , , - | |
| 18 | 2 489 015 | 0,24 % | (, , , ) | |
| 19 | 2 282 589 | 0,22 % | ||
| 20 | 1 466 705 | 0,14 % | ||
| 21 | 1 350 478 | 0,13 % | ||
| 22 | 14 135 | N | ||
[]
900 (80,5 % ) . , , (13,4 %), (2,3 %), (1,9 %), (0,8 %) (0,4 %). , , [99]. , 8,1 %, [100].
[]
1949 , 26 1950 [101]. [102]. , , - [103][104], , . : , .
[105] 5 [106][107][108]. -, [105]. - [109] , , , , [105].
, , « » ( ) « » ( )[110]. « », , 245 , 6 [111]. , [111]. 543 545 « » 5 [111]. - , , , [111].
, - ( ), -. . , : - [112].
, , , 21- [113]. , , [114]. [113], , [115]. [116].
[]
, , [117][118]. , [60]. , , « » ( , ), (), . 1950 1990 , , . 1977 1980 , «» - . 1989 , , [119].
1996 1998 . « » 1996 , . 1998 , « » , , [120]. 2004 , « » , , « »[121].
[]
1947 , . 1950- , [122]. - (19871990) «» . - [123]. - - 1965 , . , - . 1984 - 1999 .
- [124], [125]. - : 55,000 [126]. , , . , , . , , , .
[]
. XV , « ».
XIX : I, . , . , , , . 1801 , I .
. , : , . 1990- , .
, , , , . , . «-1» -[127]. , , . «». , Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL) 25 %. - .
, «--». , . , «» ( ) , [129].
[]
, , - [90]. , . . 2007 19,8 , 2,4 % .
1974 , . 1998 , 2001 . « »[130]. 10 2008 - , [131].
«Joint Intelligence Committee» (JIC), «Research and Analysis Wing» (RAW), «Intelligence Bureau» (IB), , . , .
[]
, , . , 1991 , , [7]. 5,8 1991 308 4 2008 [132], [133]. [134][135]. 1,089 , [136]. , 4,726 . 977 , 128 . 2700 (118- ).
5,5 %, [137]. 516,3 , 60 % ; 28 % ; 12 % [90]. , , , , , . 28 % ; 54 % 18 %. : , , , , , , , , , . . , [138].
, , , , , [139]. ( : 36.8 2004 )[140], . - , 10 % 33 % [141]. , , 0,40 . , 20042005 , 27,5 % [8].
, , -, « »[142]. , . , , , , , , , , , , [60].
2007 , 140 , 224,9 . , , . , , . , .
[]
. 6 350 . , 99 % , Indian Railways[143].
1950 382 . 136 . . 22 . [144].
, , [144], [145]. , 1950- 3/4 .
[]
[]
, . , - , .
[]
. , , , . , , , . : [148] -, -, [149] - , -, , [150].
[]
, [151]. , , , . : , , , , -, [152].
[153]. , - , [154]. , , , , , [155].
[]
[156]. , «» «», «-», [157], [158]. , , , 1913 .
[]
. . 15 000 .
200 : 16 , . 11 000. . 185 .
[]
, . ( ) ( )[159]. , , ; , , , [160].
[]
[]
, , . , , -, , , , , -, -, -, -, , [161]. . . .
[]
, . , , , [162]. . , , . , , , -, -. , -.
[]
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