GNU Free Documentation License . .

( «»)
: ,
Red Ribbon.svg
  - ,
-10 B24.24.
-9 042042
DiseasesDB 5938 5938
MedlinePlus 000594 000594
eMedicine emerg/253  emerg/253 
  .
«» ; . .
, 1993

 (, , . AIDS)  , -[1][2][3] CD4+ , , . , , , , , . - , . , , , ; , .[4][5] -.

, - .[6] 2008 , , 33,4 , 2,7 , 2 , [7].

, - .[8][9] 1981 , , , 1980-.[10]

, - , .[11] -, .[12] , - , e - , .

[]

[]

- , .
.

[] -

  •   , , ( () e, , , , , );
  •   , ,  . .  , (). 67 10000 [22]:21. XX .[   579 ]
  • (   , , , , );
  • (,   ;   );
  • ( , , );
  • ( );
  •   , ( , , , , , .) -.
  • , , - , . , .

[]

- 15 49 2005

20062007 , - : (6,5 ), (5,5 ), (4,1 ), (3,6 ), (1,8 ), (1,7 ), (1,7 ), (1,3 ), (1 ) (1 )[23].

« /» ( 2009 ), c 60 , 25 , [7]. 2008 , , 33,4 [31,1-35,8] , 2,7 [2,4-3,0] , 2 [1,7-2,4] , . 2008 430 000 [240 000610 000] , 15 , , 2,1 [1,2-2,9] . 40 % -, ( 15 )[7]. M 40 % , 40 % , , . - - , : , , [7].

: 67 % , , 91 % . 14 [7]. - (, 65 35 2006 )[6].

, -,

- -. B 2007 18 % - , 300 000 [7].

- -.[24] 10 % , /.[25] , , /, , , , .[26]

/ , , , .[27] 2010 / 1,1 , 56000 , .[28][29]

2008 , , 1,5 [1,4-1,7] , 66 % 2001 , 900 000 [800 000-1,1 ] . B ( , ) 1 %.[7]O 90 % - ( [7]), [30]. 2007 57 % [7]. , 3,7 , , [7].

, - 100000 .
     no data       10      10-25      25-50      50-100      100-500      500-1000      1000-2500      2500-5000      5000-7500      7500-10000      10000-50000       50000

2005 35500 -, 6 2006  13500 ; , , , 350000. , . , 2005 ,   560 . 1,6 .   : 80 % 15-30 [31].

2007 1,6 % [1,1-2,0 %]  c [7]. 2010 , , 360000 - .[32] , - .

, [7]. 2008 22 % , , (42 %). ,   , ,  [7].

2006 , 3 % 3,5-9 % , 12-14 % , 30 % - 70 % [33]. « /» ( 2009 ), 37 % 38,5-50,3 % [7].

, 2001 , 20022003  , .

, « /» ( 2009 ) , , , , [34]. 2007 42 % - . . 2007 0,4 % . , , , 5,3 % , 6 % 10-23 % [34]. 25 % «barebackers» ( 14 % )  , , [35][36][37]; barebackers «bug chasers»  , - , «gift-givers»[38][39].

UNAIDS[40]
, % , % 100,000 .
45,0 23,18 12977
8,0 5,15 3601
9,0 3,23 905
4,0 4,07 91
, 5,0 13,17 983
2,0 2,06 308
1,10 0,58 1
1,10 0,22 49

[]

19872007

[] ,

[]

:

, [41], .

, . , CD4- (CD4+ -, ).[42][43][44]

, CD4+ T- 200 (µl) , . , - CD4+ T- .[45]

- , .[46]

, , .[47][48] , .

, , , .[46][49][50]

-1 ( ) .

, [18]:293-294, 296, :

  • gp41  , TM ( . Transmembrane glycoprotein),
  • gp120  SU ( . Surface glycoprotein).

«» , p17 p24, :

  • RT ( . Reverse transcriptase),
  • IN, ( . Integrase),
  • PR, ( . Protease).

gp120 CD4- -, . - - CXCR-4,   CCR-5.[51][52]

a a , , ,   .[53]

(, ). - . , , . , ( , ), . , , , CD4+ .[54][55]

- . , CD4-, CD8- , : , , , , .[56]

[]

-, , CD4+ , .[57][58] , , 5-10 , , 1-2 , . , .[59]

, e , .[60]

CD8+ - T- I. , e - , , , , , T-. (B- T-), .[61]

CD4+ . - T-. CD4+ - , (-1, -6 α) . .[61]

[]

-, , , , CCR5-Δ32.[62] , .[63][64][65]

, CCR5 - , - -1, - .[66][67] HLA-Bw4 . HLA I , .[68]

, HLA-B14, B27, B51, B57 C8 , HLA-A23, B37 B49 .[69][70] - HLA-B35 , 8 . , HLA I, .[71]

, TRIM5a, . , ,   PtERV1[72].

  - CD317/BST-2 (bone marrow stromal antigen 2), «tetherin» [73][74][75]. CD317  2   N- (GPI) -; [76]. , CD317 , «» [77][78][79]. «» , CD317 ; . «» ( GPI) CD317, [77]. CD317 , , : , , [75]. Vpu -1, Env -2 SIV, Nef SIV, 5 [75][80][81]. CD317 Vpu . , CD317 , Vpu ( vpu), , Vpu ( vpu)[79][82]., CD317 2 (Breast cancer-associated gene 2; Rabring7, ZNF364, RNF115)  3 - RING. BCA2 -1, «» CD317 , CD63+ [83].

CCR2 [84],[85],[86]

[]

- .   , , , [87]

- , , , a , . , - , , , , [?], , .[88][89] - .

[] ˸

( Pneumocystis jirovecii) , - . , - -. , , , CD4- 200 .[90]

, -, , - [91]. , : 2007 456000 - , - [92].

, -, . - ( CD4- 300 1 ), . - , . , , , , , - , , .[93]

[] -

  . - , , () ( , ) , .[94]

- (Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria Campylobacter) , , , , , Mycobacterium avium [95] (, , , ; ).

, , , , Clostridium difficile. - .[96]

[]

- , , [97].

Toxoplasma gondii, , .[98] , Cryptococcus neoformans. , , , , , .

  , , . , 70 % . .[99]

- , (. AIDS dementia complex, ADC), . .[100] , , . CD4+ - .

(1020 %)[101] , , (1-2 %).[102][103] , , , . , , -. .

[]

- . -, ,   (. EBV), , ( 8), (. HPV).[104][105]

, - . 1981 . , , . , , - . - , , , - , - . . - . - , , .[106] - - , . , , - .[107]

- , , (), , , , . ( -, , ), , , , .

, , , , - . , -, - , - .[108] , .

[]

, , , . Mycobacterium avium . .

, Penicillium marneffei, ( ), - - .[109]

19. , , .[110]

[]

CD4 .                      CD4+ T (/mm³)
                     .

-, , CD4+ T- .
(. ) CD4 , , , [111].

CD8+ -. - I (.  Human leukocyte antigen-HLA)[112][113][114].

, (), RANTES, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta[115], MDC, [116][117][118][119].

CD8+ -[120], [121], :

  • CD8+ - T- CD4.
  • CD8+ , [122].

- CD4+ -, 200 / ( CD4+ T- 1200 /)[123].

CD4+ :

B- - , α, -6[141] DC-SIGN, T-[142].

-2, CD4- 1 - (CD8+, CTL)[143][144] -12  T- 1 NK- (. Natural killer cells)[145].

[]

24 -.                      24                      -24                      -Env

, 99 % 12 (6  12 ) [146]. : 90-95 % 3- , 5-9 %  6 , 0,5-1 %  [147]).

« », [148].

«gag» (. group antigen )   24 17, 55. -24 24 , [149][150].

-24 «Env» (. Envelope)  gp160, gp120, p88, gp41 «pol» (. Polymerase)  p31, p51, p66.

«vpr», «vpu», «vif», «rev», «tat», «nef»[151][152].

«Env»   gp120, gp41. : - -.

-gp120 , - (. ADCC) CD4+ , , gp120,   : Innocent bystanders (Bystander killing)[153][154].

[] , /

- . 1988 4 [155]:

  • I   () -
  • II  
  • III   - (-)
  • IV  

, .

, . .  1989 [156][157].

  • I 
  • II 
    •  
    •  
    •  
  • III 
    •   10 %, , , , , ,
    •   10 %, 1 , / ( ) : ,
    •   , , , , , , , , , ,
  • IV 

1993 [158] (. U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention  CDC) [159] , ( (%) CD4+-- (-) 1 ). , -. CDC- , 3, 3, 1, 2 3 , .

(%) CD4+-- 1

() ( )

-
1. > 500 (> 29 %) 1 1 1
2. 200499 (> 1428 %) 2 2 2
3. < 200 (< 14 %) 3 3 3

[]

1990 . /, 2006 . , , 1 2006 . « /»[160].

15 [161].

  • -
  • 1
    • ()
  • 2
    • ( 6 )
    • ( )
    •   , , , , , ( 6 )
  • 3
    • 1
    • ( 6 )
    • (, , , , , )
    • - ,
  • 4 (*)
    • ˸
    • ( )
    • ( 10 % 6 )
    • - [162]
    • ( 6 )
    • ( )
    • (. HSV) ( 1 )
    • -
    • (, , )
    • , , (. MOTT)

(*) : (- )

[] -

.
, .

: № 61 « -», 17 2006 . № 166

1.

2. :

  • .
  • .
  • .

3.

4.

  • 4. 10 %, , , , , , .
  • : , ; (, , ).
  • 4. 10 %, , , , , , , .
  • : , ; (, , ).
  • 4. . , , , , , , : , , , ; ; ; .
  • : , ; (, , ).

5.

[] -1

.

-1 , [163], , , «» , . Cooper[164] , - , , , , , , , [165]. , , [166][167]. Hecht .[168] - (80 %) (68 %),   (86 %) (85 %) (. , -).

-1-[169]

(95%- ) *
80 % 5,2 (2,3-11,7)
51 % 4,8 (2,4-9,8)
37 % 3,1 (1,5-6,6)
54 % 2,6 (1,3-5,1)
44 % 2,6 (1,3-5,1)
(95%- )
54 % 2,5 (1,2-4,8)
> 2,5 32 % 2,8 (1,3-6,0)
68 % 2,2 (1,1-4,5)
49 % 2,1 (1,1-4,2)
46 % 8,3 (3,6-19,3)

(*)   ,   [170].

-1 ( ) 100  1, CD4 , , [171] (. . CD4 ). , ( 1200 /). CD8+ , CD4/CD8 1[172]. , . -[173][174].

- 7-10 , 14 . - - ( ).

-1 ( >10 000 /[175]) 100 %[176]. p24 79 %,   99,5-99,96 %. - .

- ( )[177]

96 %
74 %
70 %
(*) 70 %
54 %
32 %
32 %
27 %
14 %
13 %
12 %
(**) 12 %

(*)  , , . , .
(**)  , , , , -, , .

, (8-10 ), ( 1 ). CD4 . , , , ( 2 ). CD4 200 /. [178].

[]

CD4+ -, , [179].

  -, , , , ( ) CD4+ . CDC CD4+ 200 /.  3, 3 .

, [180] 2006 . CDC[181] :

[]

[]

[]

  • (. Herpes simplex virus, HSV): 1 , , ,
  • , , . .
  • 8 (. Kaposhi Sarkoma Herpes Virus, KSHV)
  • (. Human papillomavirus, HPV), .

[]

  • ,
  • ,

[]

CD4[182][183]

CD4
< 200 1

,


-
< 100 1 ,


,

< 50 1
- ( Mycobacterium avium)

[] -

:
( )

[184][185]

  •   . 100 % -.
  •   (   3 ), ( p24 .), - .

CD4 [186].

, , , :

  • (-)
  • .

- ( ) , (99 %) (99,5 %). , (-1, -2, -1-N, -1-O, -1-M).

  -. , , -.

-

: , (-), . 15-30 . , ( )

CD4+ - [187]:

  • ()

( )

[] -

, - 15 25 % , 25 % 35 % [188]. 3-8 %[189], 2 %[190], 1,2 %[191]. - 19,4 % 2001 10,9 % 20022005 .[192].

, - 12-15 , , . , 18 , (). - , , : 1 4 ,   4 [193][194].

[] -

: , /

[]

[]

(), 2006[200].

CD4
< 200/mm³
200350/³
< 200/³
200350/³
200-350/³
200-350/³

  CD4 350 , .

  > 100000 /, CD4 350/³.

CD4 14-28 , .

[]

9 11 ,[201] , , 6 19 .[202] , , - 85,1-99,3 % , , - 20 .[203][204][205][206][207] 385 619 .[208]

- : , , , . .[46] , -, , . . - , : CD4 , , , .

, .[209] , : , ,[47][48][62] , ,[46][209] , .[64][210][211]

, , : ( -), , , , , - . , -, .[212][213][214][104][105][215][216][217]

. - 1990 .[218]

.[219]


 , 6
400 /
> 95% 78%
90-95% 45%
80-90% 33%
70-80% 29%
< 70% 18%

- 19992004 , ( 33 %) , , , . , , 25 %.[220] 75 % , -, - , , .[221]

[]

Question book-4.svg
 .
, .
, .
12 2011

- .

:

  1. 10-11 ;
  2. « »;
  3. , (, « » , , ).


« » (Harm Reduction), (), :

  1. ( - );
  2. ( « », «», « ») () , ;
  3. - ;
  4. , ( ), , ( );
  5. , ;
  6. ;
  7. - , ( () - ) ( );
  8. (, , , , )

.

« » «» , , . « » « ».

:

  1. , .
  2. .
  3. .
  4. ( ).

-, (. . « »).

. . . , . , , . , , ( ) , .

, , .

- , , .

- .

, , (0,2%- , ).

.

[]

, (-). .[222]

[]

: /

, « » ( , )[223], [224][225], - [223][226]. , , , , , .

1990- , 1950- .[227][228] [229][230][231].

, [232][233][234][235][236][237][238][239], « » , [240], , [232][233][241].

[]

70 000 - , [242]. , 2010 20 [243].

[]

  • , - , 2000- .
  • , , Sainte-Catherine  Gay Village (-) [244].
  •   , . , , , XX .

[] .

[]

  1. Sepkowitz KA (June 2001). «AIDS--the first 20 years». N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (23): 176472. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200106073442306. PMID 11396444.
  2. Weiss RA (May 1993). «How does HIV cause AIDS?». Science (journal) 260 (5112): 12739. PMID 8493571.
  3. Cecil Russell Textbook of Medicine.  Philadelphia: Saunders, 1988.  P. 1523, 1799.  ISBN 0721618480
  4. Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention HIV and Its Transmission. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (2003).( ) 23 2006.
  5. San Francisco AIDS Foundation How HIV is spread (14  2006). 22 2011. 23 2006.
  6. 1 2 Kallings LO (2008). «The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS». J Intern Med 263 (3): 21843. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x. PMID 18205765.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 UNAIDS: The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
  8. Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, et al. (1999). «Origin of HIV-1 in the Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes». Nature 397 (6718): 436441. DOI:10.1038/17130. PMID 9989410.
  9. 1 2 Worobey M, Gemmel M, Teuwen DE, et al. (October 2008). «Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960». Nature 455 (7213): 6614. DOI:10.1038/nature07390. PMID 18833279. 2009-03-31.
  10. Gallo RC (2006). «A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years». Retrovirology 3. DOI:10.1186/1742-4690-3-72. PMID 17054781.
  11. Kristina Allers, Gero Hütter (2011). «Evidence for the cure of HIV infection by CCR5Δ32/Δ32 stem cell transplantation». Blood - Journal of The American Society of Hematology 117. DOI:10.1182/blood-2010-09-309591.
  12. Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. (1998). «Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators». N. Engl. J. Med 338 (13): 853860. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199803263381301. PMID 9516219.
  13. Gottlieb MS (2006). «Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles. 1981». Am J Public Health 96 (6): 9801; discussion 9823. PMID 16714472. 2009-03-31.
  14. Altman LK. New homosexual disorder worries officials, The New York Times (11  1982).
  15. Making Headway Under Hellacious Circumstances (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science (28  2006). 23 2008.
  16. 1 2 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1982). «Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)United States.». MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 31 (37): 507508; 513514. PMID 6815471.
  17. Kher U. A Name for the Plague, Time (27  1982). 10 2008.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 , . ., , . . -.  , .  -: , 2003.  . 368.  3000 .  ISBN 5272003748
  19.   20
  20. UNAIDS/WHO AIDS Epidemic Update: December 2006  (.)  ( 18  2007)
  21. Gilbert MT, Rambaut A, Wlasiuk G, Spira TJ, Pitchenik AE, Worobey M (2007). «The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (47): 1856670. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0705329104. PMID 17978186.
  22. Jpnh G Bartlett. [hopkons-hivguide.org . - ].  , 2008.  138 .
  23. Levy J.A. HIV and the pathogenesis of AIDS.  USA: American Society for Microbiology, 2007.  p. XV  ISBN 978-1-55581-393-2
  24. «Report: Black U.S. AIDS rates rival some African nations». CNN.com. July 29, 2008.
  25. «White House summit on AIDS' impact on black men». San Francisco Chronicle. June 3, 2010.
  26. >Arya M, Behforouz HL, and Viswanath K (March 9, 2009). «African American Women and HIV/AIDS: A National Call for Targeted Health Communication Strategies to Address a Disparity». The AIDS Reader 19 (2).
  27. >Chu C and Selwyn PA (March 1, 2008). «Current Health Disparities in HIV/AIDS». The AIDS Reader 18 (3).
  28. «Obama Ends U.S. Travel Ban On Visitors, Immigrants With HIV-AIDS». ABC News. October 30, 2009.
  29. {{{}}} // Nature. 2010. . 7305. . 466. . 418.
  30. . . 2,7 MB UNAIDS/WHO AIDS Epidemic Update: December 2006
  31. - 30.09.2005
  32. /
  34. 1 2 UNAIDS: The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
  35. Berg R.C. (2009) «Barebacking: a review of the literature», Archives of Sexual Behaviour 38, 754764
  36. Bauermeister J.A., Carballo-Dieduez A., Ventuneac A. and Dolezal C. (2009) «Assessing motivations to engage in intentional condomless anal intercourse in HIV risk contexts (bareback sex) among men who have sex with men», AIDS education and prevention 21, 156168
  37. Blackwell C.W. (2008) «Men who have sex with men and recruit bareback sex partners on the internet: implications for STI and HIV prevention and client education», American Journal of Mens Health 2, 306313
  38. Moskowitz D.A. and Roloff M.E. (2007) «The existence of a bug chasing subculture», Culture, Health and Sexuality 9, 347357
  39. ;Moskowitz D.A. and Roloff M.E. (2007) «The ultimate high: sexual addiction and the bug chasing phenomenon», Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity 14, 21-40
  40. Excel, 52KB « /» 2006
  41.  (.)
  42. Johns Hopkins AIDS Servise
  43. What is HIV
  44. Alimonti JB, Ball TB, Fowke KR (2003). «Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS.». J. Gen. Virol. 84 (7): 16491661. DOI:10.1099/vir.0.19110-0. PMID 12810858.
  45. M.C.I. Lipman, R. W. Baker and M.A. Johnson ; with a foreword by P.A. Volberding. An Atlas of Differential Diagnosis in HIV Disease, Second Edition.  CRC Press-Parthenon Publishers, 2003.  P. 2227.  ISBN 1-84214-026-4
  46. 1 2 3 4 Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B, Okongo JM, Lubega R, Whitworth JA (2002). «HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries?». AIDS 16 (4): 597632. DOI:10.1097/00002030-200203080-00011. PMID 11873003.
  47. 1 2 Clerici M, Balotta C, Meroni L, et al. (1996). «Type 1 cytokine production and low prevalence of viral isolation correlate with long-term non progression in HIV infection». AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 12 (11): 10531061. DOI:10.1089/aid.1996.12.1053. PMID 8827221.
  48. 1 2 Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B, Whitworth JA (2002). «Progression to symptomatic disease in people infected with HIV-1 in rural Uganda: prospective cohort study». BMJ 324 (7331): 193196. DOI:10.1136/bmj.324.7331.193. PMID 11809639.
  49. Gendelman HE, Phelps W, Feigenbaum L, et al. (1986). «Transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequences by DNA viruses». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 83 (24): 97599763. DOI:10.1073/pnas.83.24.9759. PMID 2432602.
  50. Bentwich Z, Kalinkovich, A, Weisman Z (1995). «Immune activation is a dominant factor in the pathogenesis of African AIDS.». Immunol. Today 16 (4): 187191. DOI:10.1016/0167-5699(95)80119-7. PMID 7734046.
  51. Assessing chemokine co-receptor usage in HIV PubMed
  52. Energetics of the HIV gp120-CD4 binding reaction
  54. John Hopkins AIDS Servise -
  55. Perelson, A. S. et al. HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science, 1996, v. 271, p. 15821586
  56. - . . . , . . , . . , 2000 .
  57. Follicular dendritic cell contributions to HIV pathogenesis.
  58. Productive infection of dendritic cells by HIV-1 and their ability to capture virus are mediated through separate pathways. PubMedCentral
  59. Pathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection Lymphatic tissue as the site of viral replication
  60. Follicular dendritic cell contributions to HIV pathogenesis. PubMed
  61. 1 2 -.
  62. 1 2 Tang J, Kaslow RA (2003). «The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy». AIDS 17 (Suppl 4): S51S60. DOI:10.1097/00002030-200317004-00006. PMID 15080180.
  63. Quiñones-Mateu ME, Mas A, Lain de Lera T, Soriano V, Alcami J, Lederman MM, Domingo E (1998). «LTR and tat variability of HIV-1 isolates from patients with divergent rates of disease progression». Virus Research 57 (1): 1120. DOI:10.1016/S0168-1702(98)00082-3. PMID 9833881.
  64. 1 2 Campbell GR, Pasquier E, Watkins J, et al. (2004). «The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis». J. Biol. Chem. 279 (46): 4819748204. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M406195200. PMID 15331610.
  65. Kaleebu P, French N, Mahe C, et al. (2002). «Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 envelope subtypes A and D on disease progression in a large cohort of HIV-1-positive persons in Uganda». J. Infect. Dis. 185 (9): 12441250. DOI:10.1086/340130. PMID 12001041.
  66. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. PubMed
  67. HIV-1 infection in an individual homozygous for the CCR5 deletion allele PubMed
  68. HLA and HIV-1: heterozygote advantage and B*35-Cw*04 disadvantage. PubMed
  69. Genetic Markers May Influence Disease-Free Interval in HIV-Infected People NIH News
  70. A Review of the Role of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) System as a Host Immunogenetic Factor Influencing HIV Transmission and Progression to AIDS HIV Sequence Database
  71. Mismatched human leukocyte antigen alleles protect against heterosexual HIV transmission. PubMed
  72. Kaiser, Shariser (June 2007). «Restriction of an Extinct Retrovirus by the Human TRIM5α Antiviral Protein». Science 316 (5832): 17561758.
  73. Neil S.J., Zang T. and Bieniaz P.D. (2008) «Tetherin inhibits retrovirus release and is antagonized by HIV-1 Vpu», Nature 451, 424430
  74. Van Damme N., Goff D., Katsura C., Jorgensen R.L., Mitchell R., Johnon M.C., Stephens E.B. and Guatelli J. (2008) «The interferon-induced protein BST-2 restricts HIV-1 release and is downregulated from the cell surface by the viral Vpu protein», Cel Host and Microbe 3, 245252
  75. 1 2 3 Tokarev A., Skasko M., Fitzpatrick K. and Guatelli J. (2009) «Antiviral activity of the interferon-induced cellular protein BST-2/tetherin», AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 25, 11971210
  76. Kupzig S., Korolchuk V., Rolason R., Sugden A., Wilde A. and Banting G. (2003) «Bst2/HM1.24 is a raft-associated apical membrane protein with an unusual topology», Traffic 4, 694709
  77. 1 2 Perez-Caballero D., Zang T., Ebrahimi A., McNatt M.W., Gregory D.A., Johnson M.C. and Bieniasz P.D. (2009) «Tetherin inhibits HIV-1 release by directly tethering virions to cells», Cell 139, 499511
  78. Hammonds J., Wang J.-J., Yi H. and Spearman P. (2010) «Immunoelectron microscopic evidence for tetherin/BST2 as the physical bridge between HIV-1 virions and the plasma membrane», PLoS Pathogens 6 (2), e10000749
  79. 1 2 Fitzpatrick K., Skasko M., Deerinck T.J., Crum J., Ellisman M.H. and Guatelli J. (2010) «Direct restriction of virus release and incorporation of the interferon-induced protein BST-2 into HIV-1 particles», PLoS Pathogens 6 (3), e10000701
  80. Guatelli J.C. (2010) «Interactions of Viral protein U (Vpu) with Cellular Factors», Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 339, 27-45
  81. Nomaguchi M., Fujita M., Adachi A. (2008) «Role of HIV-1 Vpu protein for virus spread and pathogenesis», Microbes and Infection 10, 960967
  82. Habermann A., Krijnse-Locker J., Oberwinkler H., Eckhardt M., Homann S., Andrew A., Strebel K. and Krausslich H.-G. (2010) «CD317/tetherin is enriched in the HIV-1 envelope and downregulated from the plasma membrane upon virus infection», Journal of Virology 84, 4646-4658
  83. Miyakawa K., Ryo A., Murakami T., Ohba K., Yamaoka S., Fukuda M., Guatelli J. and Yamamoto N. (2009) «BCA2/Rabring promotes tetherin-dependent HIV-1 restriction», PLoS Pathogens 5, e10000700
  84. ACET . -1-
  85. Michael W. Smith, * Michael Dean, * Mary Carrington, * Cheryl Winkler, Gavin A. Huttley, Deborah A. Lomb, James J. Goedert, Thomas R. O'Brien, Lisa P. Jacobson, Richard Kaslow, Susan Buchbinder, Eric Vittinghoff, David Vlahov, Keith Hoots, Margaret W. Hilgartner, Contrasting Genetic Influence of CCR2 and CCR5 Variants on HIV-1 Infection and Disease Progression. . 5328. . 277. . 959-965.
  86. . .   (.) : . : 2008.
  87. Holmes CB, Losina E, Walensky RP, Yazdanpanah Y, Freedberg KA (2003). «Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa». Clin. Infect. Dis. 36 (5): 656&dash;662. DOI:10.1086/367655. PMID 12594648.
  88. Guss DA (1994). «The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview for the emergency physician, Part 1». J. Emerg. Med. 12 (3): 375384. DOI:10.1016/0736-4679(94)90281-X. PMID 8040596.
  89. Guss DA (1994). «The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview for the emergency physician, Part 2». J. Emerg. Med. 12 (4): 491497. DOI:10.1016/0736-4679(94)90346-8. PMID 7963396.
  90. Feldman C (2005). «Pneumonia associated with HIV infection». Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 18 (2): 165170. DOI:10.1097/01.qco.0000160907.79437.5a. PMID 15735422.
  91. Kwara A, Ramachandran G, Swaminathan S (January 2010). «Dose adjustment of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors during concurrent rifampicin-containing tuberculosis therapy: one size does not fit all». Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 6 (1): 5568. DOI:10.1517/17425250903393752. PMID 19968575.
  92. who.int
  93. Decker CF, Lazarus A (August 2000). «Tuberculosis and HIV infection. How to safely treat both disorders concurrently». Postgraduate Medicine 108 (2): 5760, 658. PMID 10951746.
  94. Zaidi SA, Cervia JS (2002). «Diagnosis and management of infectious esophagitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection». Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care 1 (2): 5362. DOI:10.1177/154510970200100204. PMID 12942677.
  95. Pollok RC (2001). «Viruses causing diarrhoea in AIDS». Novartis Foundation Symposium 238: 27683; discussion 2838. DOI:10.1002/0470846534.ch17. PMID 11444032.
  96. Guerrant RL, Hughes JM, Lima NL, Crane J (1990). «Diarrhea in developed and developing countries: magnitude, special settings, and etiologies». Reviews of Infectious Diseases 12 (Suppl 1): S4150. PMID 2406855.
  97. Gazzard B, Balkin A, Hill A. Analysis of neuropsychiatric adverse events during clinical trials of efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive patients: a systematic review // AIDS Rev. 2010. . 2. . 12. . 67-75.
  98. Luft BJ, Chua A (August 2000). «Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis in HIV Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy». Current Infectious Disease Reports 2 (4): 358362. DOI:10.1007/s11908-000-0016-x. PMID 11095878.
  99. Sadler M, Nelson MR (June 1997). «Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV». International Journal of STD & AIDS 8 (6): 3517. DOI:10.1258/0956462971920181. PMID 9179644.
  100. Gray F, Adle-Biassette H, Chretien F, Lorin de la Grandmaison G, Force G, Keohane C (2001). «Neuropathology and neurodegeneration in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pathogenesis of HIV-induced lesions of the brain, correlations with HIV-associated disorders and modifications according to treatments». Clinical Neuropathology 20 (4): 14655. PMID 11495003.
  101. Grant I, Sacktor H, McArthur J HIV neurocognitive disorders // The Neurology of AIDS / H. E. Gendelman, I. Grant, I. Everall, S. A. Lipton, and S. Swindells. (ed.).  2nd.  London, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005.  P. 357373.  ISBN 0-19-852610-5
  102. Satishchandra P, Nalini A, Gourie-Devi M, et al. (January 2000). «Profile of neurologic disorders associated with HIV/AIDS from Bangalore, south India (1989-96)». The Indian Journal of Medical Research 111: 1423. PMID 10793489.
  103. Wadia RS, Pujari SN, Kothari S, et al. (March 2001). «Neurological manifestations of HIV disease». The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 49: 3438. PMID 11291974.
  104. 1 2 Boshoff C, Weiss R (2002). «AIDS-related malignancies». Nat. Rev. Cancer 2 (5): 373382. DOI:10.1038/nrc797. PMID 12044013.
  105. 1 2 Yarchoan R, Tosato G, Little RF (2005). «Therapy insight: AIDS-related malignancies the influence of antiviral therapy on pathogenesis and management». Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 2 (8): 406415. DOI:10.1038/ncponc0253. PMID 16130937.
  106. Ho-Yen C and Chang F (June 1, 2008). «Gastrointestinal Malignancies in HIV/AIDS». The AIDS Reader 18 (6).
  107. Palefsky J (2007). «Human papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected persons». Top HIV Med 15 (4): 1303. PMID 17720998.
  108. Bonnet F, Lewden C, May T, et al. (2004). «Malignancy-related causes of death in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy». Cancer 101 (2): 317324. DOI:10.1002/cncr.20354. PMID 15241829.
  109. Skoulidis F, Morgan MS, MacLeod KM (2004). «Penicillium marneffei: a pathogen on our doorstep?». J. R. Soc. Med. 97 (2): 394396. DOI:10.1258/jrsm.97.8.394. PMID 15286196.
  110. Silvero AM, Acevedo-Gadea CR, Pantanowitz L "et al"; (June 4, 2009). «Unsuspected Parvovirus B19 Infection in a Person With AIDS». The AIDS Reader 19 (6).
  111. -.
  112. Weak anti-HIV CD8+ T-cell effector activity in HIV primary infection PubMedCentral
  113. HIV-1 superinfection despite broad CD8+ T-cell responses containing replication of the primary virus. PubMed
  114. Monitoring HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses by intracellular cytokine production. PubMed
  115. RANTES, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are not involved in the inhibition of HIV-1SF33 replication mediated by CD8+ T-cell clones. PubMed
  116. Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells.PubMed
  117. Gene expression profile activated by the chemokine CCL5/RANTES in human neuronal cells. PubMed
  118. Cutting edge: RANTES regulates Fas ligand expression and killing by HIV-specific CD8 cytotoxic T cells. PubMed
  119. Enhanced anti-HIV-1 activity and altered chemotactic potency of NH2-terminally processed macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) imply an additional MDC receptor.PubMed
  120. Weak anti-HIV CD8(+) T-cell effector activity in HIV primary infection. PubMed
  121. Loss of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation after acute HIV-1 infection and restoration by vaccine-induced HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells. PubMed
  122. Isolation of primary HIV-1 that target CD8+ T lymphocytes using CD8 as a receptor. PubMed
  123. Interium proposal for a WHO Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease AIDS
  124. Mechanism of CD4+ T cell depletion Direct HIV-mediated cytopathic effec
  125. Douek DC, Brenchley JM, Betts MR, Ambrozak DR, Hill BJ, Okamoto Y, Casazza JP, Kuruppu J, Kunstman K, Wolinsky S, Grossman Z, Dybul M, Oxenius A, Price DA, Connors M, Koup RA. HIV preferentially infects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells.
  126. LFA-1 molecule regulates HIV-mediated cell fusion and syncytia formation in CD4+ T lymphocytes. PubMed Gateway
  127. Modulation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Induced Syncytium Formation by the Conformational State of LFA-1 Determined by a New Luciferase-Based Syncytium Quantitative Assay PubMed Central
  128. -
  129. Measurement of direct and indirect forms of anti-HIV-1 ADCC: implications for other retroviral disease. PubMed
  130. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity detects type- and strain-specific antigens among human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac isolates. PubMedCentral
  131. Perturbation of natural killer cell function and receptors during HIV infection. PubMed
  132. Activity of natural killer cells during HIV-1 infection in Brazilian patients. PubMed
  133. Autoimmune mechanisms of depletion of CD4 cells in HIV infection. PubMed
  134. HIV infection and rheumatic diseases -autoimmune mechanisms in immunodeficient hosts. PubMed
  135. Retroviruses Immunopathogenic Mechanisms of HIV Infection
  136. -
  137. Preferential apoptosis of HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells. PubMed
  138. How HIV Causes AIDS Apoptosis
  139. . -
  140. THEORIES OF IMMUNES SYSTEM CELL LOSS IN HIV INFECTION PubMed
  141. Activated B lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals induce virus expression in infected T cells and a promonocytic cell line, U1. PubMed
  142. DC-SIGN on B Lymphocytes Is Required For Transmission of HIV-1 to T Lymphocytes PubMedCentral
  143. IL-2-induced CD4+ T-cell expansion in HIV-infected patients is associated with long-term decreases in T-cell proliferation. PubMed
  144. IL-2 production correlates with effector cell differentiation in HIV-specific CD8+ T cells PubMedCentral
  145. HIV-1 protein Vpr suppresses IL-12 production from human monocytes by enhancing glucocorticoid action PubMed
  146. HIV Infogram: Update on the HIV Antibody Test Window Period Public Health
  147. «-»: , . 2000. . . . - . . 
  148. Window-period human immunodeficiency virus transmission to two recipients by an adolescent blood donor. PubMed
  149. Variation in plasma RNA levels, CD4 cell counts, and p24 antigen levels in clinically stable men with human immunodeficiency virus infection. PubMed
  150. Quantification of the levels of p24 antigen and antibodies in human immunodeficiency virus infection PubMed
  151. Decreasing levels of anti-Nef antibody correlate with increasing HIV type 1 viral loads and AIDS disease progression. PubMed
  152. A lipidated anti-Tat antibody enters living cells and blocks HIV-1 viral replication. PubMed
  153. Blood Journal HIV-1 Nef-induced FasL induction and bystander killing requires p38 MAPK activation
  154. How HIV Causes AIDS PubMed
  155. . . - // : 3 .  .:: ', 2001.  . 2.  . 510.  696 .  3000 .  ISBN 5-311-01249-8
  156. 6.4. -. (2006). 3 2012. 25 2011.
  157. , 2001, . 510511
  158. , 2001, . 511
  159. HIV Classification: CDC and WHO Staging Systems  (.). www.aids-ed.org. 3 2012. 29 2011.
  160. , . HIV/AIDS Protocols on Treatment and Care
  161. , . Patient Evaluation and Antiretroviral Treatment for Adults and Adolescents
  162. / ( , 2003)
  163. HIV Medicine 14th Edition, 2006 Acute HIV-1 Infection
  164. Cooper DA, Gold J, Maclean P, Donovan B, Finlayson R, Barnes TG, Michelmore HM, Brooke P, Penny R. Acute AIDS retrovirus infection. Definition of a clinical illness associated with seroconversion.
  165. Kahn JO, Walker BD. Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. PubMed
  166. Vanhems P, Hirschel B, Phillips AN, Cooper DA, Vizzard J, Brassard J, Perrin L. Incubation time of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and duration of acute HIV infection are independent prognostic factors of progression to AIDS.
  167. Does symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection accelerate progression to CDC stage IV disease, CD4 count below 200 x 10(6)/l, AIDS, and death from AIDS? PubMed
  168. Hecht FM, Busch MP, Rawal B, Webb M, Rosenberg E, Swanson M, Chesney M, Anderson J, Levy J, Kahn JO.Use of laboratory tests and clinical symptoms for identification of primary HIV infection.
  169. Acute HIV-1 Infection. HIV Medicine 14th Edition Table 1: Main symptoms of acute HIV-1 infection
  170. ( ), ( )
  171. Gupta KK. 1994 Acute and sustained immunosuppression with HIV seroconversion.
  172. Major expansion of CD8+ T cells with a predominant V beta usage during the primary immune response to HIV. Nature
  173. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. PubMed
  174. Male circumcision and HIV acquisition and transmission: cohort studies in Rakai, Uganda. Rakai Project Team. PubMed
  175. -
  176. Use of laboratory tests and clinical symptoms for identification of primary HIV infection. AIDS
  177. Acute HIV Infection Table 22. Associated Signs and Symptoms of Acute Retroviral Syndrome and Percentage of Expected Frequency
  178. Interium proposal for a WHO Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease WHO AIDS 1990
  179. WHO CD4+ Technology procurement scheme [http://www.who.int/entity/diagnostics_laboratory/CD4_Technical_Advice_ENG.pdf CD4+ Technical Advice pdf 308kb
  180. HIV/AIDS Protocols on Treatment and Care Management of Opportunistic Infections and General Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
  181. Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and Adults
  182. D. L. Hanson, S. Y. Chu, K. M. Farizo and J. W. Ward Distribution of CD4+ T lymphocytes at diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining and other human immunodeficiency virus-related illnesses Archives of Internal Medicine
  183. ., . -
  184. WHO Rapid HIV tests
  185. CDC Rapid HIV Testing
  186. Equal Plasma Viral Loads Predict a Similar Rate of CD4+ T Cell Decline in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 and HIV-2Infected Individuals from Senegal, West Africa Journal of Infectious Diseases
  187. WHO. CD4+ Technology procurement scheme [http://www.who.int/diagnostics_laboratory/procurement/cd4/en/index.html CD4+ Technical Advice pdf 308kb
  188. UNAIDS:
  189. - ,
  190. « » -
  191. Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, Hanson IC, Pitt J, Diaz C, Hayani K, Handelsman E, Smeriglio V, Hoff R, Blattner W; Women and Infants' Transmission Study Group. Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission.
  192. . . , . . , . . . - .
  193. ., . ., .
  194. -
  195. Biology Daily Zidovudine
  196. Cameron DW, Heath-Chiozzi M, Danner S, Cohen C, Kravcik S, Maurath C, Sun E, Henry D, Rode R, Potthoff A, Leonard J. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of ritonavir in advanced HIV-1 disease
  197. Kirk O, Mocroft A, Katzenstein TL, Lazzarin A, Antunes F, Francioli P, Brettle RP, Parkin JM, Gonzales-Lahoz J, Lundgren JD. Changes in use of antiretroviral therapy in regions of Europe over time. EuroSIDA Study Group.
  198. Tracking HIV/AIDS across Europe 2003 EuroSIDA
  199. Harrington M, Carpenter CC. Hit HIV-1 hard, but only when necessary.
  200. HIV/AIDS Protocols on Treatment and Care [http://www.euro.who.int/document/SHA/Chap_1_web.pdf Patient Evaluation and Antiretroviral Treatment for Adults and Adolescents pdf, 1MB
  201. UNAIDS, WHO 2007 AIDS epidemic update (PDF) (December 2007). 3 2012. 20080312.
  202. Zwahlen M, Egger M (2006). «Progression and mortality of untreated HIV-positive individuals living in resource-limited settings: update of literature review and evidence synthesis» (PDF). 2008-03-19.
  203. Knoll B, Lassmann B, Temesgen Z (2007). «Current status of HIV infection: a review for non-HIV-treating physicians». Int J Dermatol 46 (12): 121928. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03520.x. PMID 18173512.
  204. Emery S, Neuhaus JA, Phillips AN et al. Major clinical outcomes in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants and in those not receiving ART at baseline in the SMART Study. J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 11331144.
  205. Katzenstein DA, Hammer SM, Hughes MD et al. The relation of virologic and immunologic markers to clinical outcomes after nucleoside therapy in HIV-infected adults with 200 to 500 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 10911098.
  206. Sterne JA, Herna´ n MA, Ledergerber B et al. Long-term effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in preventing AIDS and death: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2005; 366: 378384.
  207. [1].  ( 17  2007)
  208.  (.) The Lifetime Cost of Current Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care in the United States. Medical Care
  209. 1 2 Lawn SD (2004). «AIDS in Africa: the impact of coinfections on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection». J. Infect. Dis. 48 (1): 112. DOI:10.1016/j.jinf.2003.09.001. PMID 14667787.
  210. Campbell GR, Watkins JD, Esquieu D, Pasquier E, Loret EP, Spector SA (2005). «The C terminus of HIV-1 Tat modulates the extent of CD178-mediated apoptosis of T cells». J. Biol. Chem. 280 (46): 3837639382. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M506630200. PMID 16155003.
  211. Senkaali D, Muwonge R, Morgan D, Yirrell D, Whitworth J, Kaleebu P (2005). «The relationship between HIV type 1 disease progression and V3 serotype in a rural Ugandan cohort». AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 20 (9): 932937. DOI:10.1089/aid.2004.20.932. PMID 15585080.
  212. PMID 19462243 (PubMed)
    Jump the queue or expand by hand
  213. PMID 17086056 (PubMed)
    Jump the queue or expand by hand
  214. Nicholas PK (February 2007). «Symptom management and self-care for peripheral neuropathy in HIV/AIDS». AIDS Care 19 (2): 17989. DOI:10.1080/09540120600971083. PMID 17364396.
  215. PMID 19106702 (PubMed)
    Jump the queue or expand by hand
  216. Burgoyne RW, Tan DH (March 2008). «Prolongation and quality of life for HIV-infected adults treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a balancing act». J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 61 (3): 46973. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkm499. PMID 18174196.
  217. AIDS Patients Now Living Longer, But Aging Faster. Npr.org. 3 2012. 1 2011.
  218. « ».
  219. David L. Paterson, MB, BS, FRACP; Susan Swindells, MD; Jeffrey Mohr, MSW; Michelle Brester, RN; Emanuel N. Vergis, MD; Cheryl Squier, RN; Marilyn M. Wagener, MPH; and Nina Singh, MD Adherence to Protease Inhibitor Therapy and Outcomes in Patients with HIV Infection
  220.  (.) Sackoff JE, Hanna DB, Pfeiffer MR, Torian LV. Causes of death among persons with AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: New York City.
  221. , -. . .
  222. - 11 53
  223. 1 2 Kalichman, Seth (2009). Denying AIDS: Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy. New York: Copernicus Books (Springer Science+Business Media). ISBN 978-0-387-79475-4
  224. Duesberg, P. H. (1988). «HIV is not the cause of AIDS». Science 241 (4865): 514, 517. doi:10.1126/science.3399880
  225. Cohen, J. (1994). «The Controversy over HIV and AIDS». Science 266 (5191): 16421649. doi:10.1126/science.7992043
  226. Smith TC, Novella SP (August 2007). «HIV denial in the Internet era». PLoS Med. 4 (8): e256. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040256
  227. Curtis T. The origin of AIDS, Rolling Stone, . 5459, 61, 106, 108. 10 2008.
  228. Hooper E The River : A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS.  1st.  Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co, 1999.  P. 11070.  ISBN 0-316-37261-7
  229. Worobey M, Santiago ML, Keele BF, et al. (2004). «Origin of AIDS: contaminated polio vaccine theory refuted». Nature 428 (6985). DOI:10.1038/428820a. PMID 15103367.
  230. Berry N, Jenkins A, Martin J, et al. (2005). «Mitochondrial DNA and retroviral RNA analyses of archival oral polio vaccine (OPV CHAT) materials: evidence of macaque nuclear sequences confirms substrate identity». Vaccine 23 (14): 16391648. DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.038. PMID 15705467.
  231. Oral Polio Vaccine and HIV / AIDS: Questions and Answers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (23  2004). 22 2011. 20 2006.
  232. 1 2 «Confronting AIDS: Update 1988». Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. 1988. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=771&page=2. «the evidence that HIV causes AIDS is scientifically conclusive.»
  233. 1 2 «The Evidence that HIV Causes AIDS». National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. 2009-09-04. http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/howHIVCausesAIDS/HIVcausesAIDS.htm.
  234. «The Durban Declaration». Nature 406 (6791): 15-6. 2000. doi:10.1038/35017662.
  235. Various. «Resources and Links, HIV-AIDS Connection». National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/How+HIV+Causes+AIDS/connection.htm.
  236. OBrien SJ, Goedert JJ (1996). «HIV causes AIDS: Kochs postulates fulfilled». Curr. Opin. Immunol. 8 (5): 613-8. doi:10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80075-6.
  237. Galéa P, Chermann JC (1998). «HIV as the cause of AIDS and associated diseases». Genetica 104 (2): 133-42. doi:10.1023/A:1003432603348
  238. «The Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS». National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 2003. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/Factsheets/evidhiv.htm.
  239. Cohen J (1994). «The Duesberg Phenomenon: A Berkeley virologist and his supporters continue to argue that HIV is not the cause of AIDS. A 3-month investigation by Science evaluates their claims.» Science 266 (5191): 16421649. http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/cohen/266-5191-1642a.pdf
  240. Cohen, J (1994). «The Duesberg phenomenon». Science (New York, N.Y.) 266 (5191): 1642-4. PMID 7992043. http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/cohen/266-5191-1642a.pdf. edit
  241. «Denying science». Nat. Med. 12 (4): 369. 2006. doi:10.1038/nm0406-369. PMID 16598265. «To support their ideas, some AIDS denialists have also misappropriated a scientific review in Nature Medicine which opens with this reasonable statement: Despite considerable advances in HIV science in the past 20 years, the reason why HIV-1 infection is pathogenic is still debated.»
  242. AIDS Orphans Preventable Death Challenges Those Left Behind, by Tony Karon, June 01, 2001
  243. Project Aids Orphan
  244. AIDS victims Monument

[]

[]

wikt: ?
commons: ?
n: ?

«/w/index.php?title=___&oldid=44641758»