Ñåòåâîé íåéòðàëèòåò

Ñåòåâîé íåéòðàëèòåò (àíãë. Network neutrality, NN) â ïðèíöèï ïî êîòîðîìó ïðîâàéäåðû òåëåêîììóíèêàöèîííûõ óñëóã íå îòäàþò ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ îäíîìó öåëåâîìó ïðåäíàçíà÷åíèþ ïåðåä äðóãèì, èëè îäíèì êëàññàì ïðèëîæåíèé (íàïðèìåð World Wide Web) ïåðåä äðóãèìè (íàïðèìåð, îíëàéí-èãðû èëè IP-òåëåôîíèÿ). Õîòÿ ñàì ýòîò òåðìèí íîâûé, åãî ôóíäàìåíòàëüíàÿ èäåÿ áåðåò íà÷àëî â ýïîõó èçîáðåòåíèÿ òåëåãðàôà â ñåðåäèíå XIX âåêà. Òåëåãðàììû äîñòàâëÿëèñü 'îäèíàêîâî', íà ðàâíûõ óñëîâèÿõ, áåç ïîïûòîê ðàçëè÷àòü èõ ñîäåðæàíèå è ðåãóëèðîâàòü èõ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ê òîìó èëè èíîìó òåõíè÷åñêîìó ñïîñîáó äîñòàâêè. Òàêàÿ ñåòü «îò íà÷àëà äî êîíöà íåéòðàëüíà».

Ñóùåñòâóåò òî÷êà çðåíèÿ, ÷òî Èíòåðíåò íå íåéòðàëåí ñðåäè ïðî÷èõ ïðèëîæåíèé, èáî ðåàëèçàöèÿ ïîëèòèêè best effort äàåò ïðåèìóùåñòâà FTP è äðóãèì âèäàì ìàëî÷óâñòâèòåëüíîãî ê âðåìåíè òðàôèêà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ êîììóíèêàöèÿìè â ðåàëüíîì âðåìåíè.

Êðóïíûå ïîñòàâùèêè èíòåðíåò-êîíòåíòà â ÑØÀ óòâåðæäàþò, ÷òî ñåòåâîé íåéòðàëèòåò òàêæå êàñàåòñÿ âîïðîñà ïðèâèëåãèé èëè íàîáîðîò, íåãàòèâíîãî îòíîøåíèÿ ñî ñòîðîíû ïðîâàéäåðîâ òåëåêîììóíèêàöèîííûõ óñëóã ê îïðåäåëåííûì âåá-ñàéòàì (íàïðèìåð google) èëè îïðåäåëåííûì áðåíäàì IP-òåëåôîíèè.

Çàùèòíèêè ñåòåâîãî íåéòðàëèòåòà óòâåðæäàþò, ÷òî êðóïíûå òåëåêîììóíèêàöèîííûå êîìïàíèè ïûòàþòñÿ íåçàêîííî ïîëó÷èòü ïðèáûëü îò ñâîèõ èíâåñòèöèé:

Êðóïíåéøèå íàöèîíàëüíûå òåëåôîííûå è êàáåëüíûå êîìïàíèè <â> õîòÿò áûòü èíòåðíåò-ïðèâðàòíèêàìè, êîòîðûå ñàìè ðåøàþò, êàêèå âåá-ñàéòû ðàáîòàþò áûñòðî èëè ìåäëåííî, à êàêèå íå áóäóò çàãðóæàòüñÿ ñîâñåì.

Îíè õîòÿò îáëîæèòü íàëîãàìè êîíòåíò-ïðîâàéäåðîâ, ÷òîáû ãàðàíòèðîâàòü áûñòðóþ äîñòàâêó ñâîèõ äàííûõ ïîòðåáèòåëþ. È çàìåäëÿÿ èëè áëîêèðóÿ ñåðâèñû, ïðåäëàãàåìûå èõ êîíêóðåíòàìè, îíè ïðîäâèãàþò âïåð¸ä ñîáñòâåííûå ïîèñêîâûå ìàøèíû, óñëóãè èíòåðíåò-òåëåôîíèè è ïîòîêîâîãî âèäåî. <â>

Âìåñòî ðàâíûõ óñëîâèé äëÿ âñåõ îí ðåçåðâèðóþò ñïåöèàëüíûå ëèíèè äëÿ ñâîåãî êîíòåíòà è óñëóã. <â>

Îðèãèíàëüíûé òåêñò  (àíãë.)  

The nationâ™s largest telephone and cable companies <â> want to be Internet gatekeepers, deciding which Web sites go fast or slow and which wonâ™t load at all.

They want to tax content providers to guarantee speedy delivery of their data. And they want to discriminate in favor of their own search engines, Internet phone services and streaming video -- while slowing down or blocking services offered by their competitors. <â>

Instead of a level playing field, they want to reserve express lanes for their own content and services. <â>

â Save the Internet

Îïïîíåíòû ñåòåâîãî íåéòðàëèòåòà óòâåðæäàþò, ÷òî îí íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåîáõîäèìûì è êîíòðïðîäóêòèâåí:

Âñåîáúåìëþùåå è òâ¸ðäîå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî î ñåòåâîì íåéòðàëèòåòå ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè: ê ïðîáëåìàì îáùåñòâåííîé è íàöèîíàëüíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè; ê çàòðóäíåíèÿì â îáåñïå÷åíèè çàùèòû îò âòîðæåíèÿ â ëè÷íóþ æèçíü ãðàæäàí ÑØÀ; ê íàðóøåíèÿì êà÷åñòâà è îòâåòíûõ ðåàêöèé ñåòè Èíòåðíåò; ê îãðàíè÷åíèþ âûáîðà ïîòðåáèòåëåé; ê âîçíèêíîâåíèþ ïðåïÿòñòâèé ïåðåä êàæäûì àìåðèêàíöåì âî âëîæåíèè ñðåäñòâ â øèðîêîïîëîñíûå ñåòè.

Îðèãèíàëüíûé òåêñò  (àíãë.)  

Sweeping and rigid net neutrality legislation could: hinder public safety and homeland security; complicate protecting Americans privacy; erode the quality and responsiveness of the Internet; limit consumersâ™ competitive choices; and discourage investment in broadband deployment to all Americans.

â Netcompetition

Èíèöèàòèâû ñåòåâîãî íåéòðàëèòåòà ïîääåðæèâàþòñÿ êðóïíûìè ïîñòàâùèêàìè èíòåðíåò-êîíòåíòà (íàïðèìåð, Google, Yahoo, è eBay), ãðóïïàìè çàùèòû ïðàâ ïîòðåáèòåëåé, òàêèõ êàê Consumers Union, òîðãîâûìè àññîöèàöèÿìè â ñôåðå âûñîêèõ òåõíîëîãèé, òàêèìè êàê American Electronics Association ëèáåðàëüíûìè ïîëèòè÷åñêèìè áëîãàìè, è íåêîòîðûìè ýëåìåíòàìè äâèæåíèÿ ïðàâûõ êîíñåðâàòîðîâ ñ ðåëèãèîçíûì óêëîíîì. Îïïîçèöèÿ ê ñåòåâîìó íåéòðàëèòåòó èñõîäèò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî îò êðóïíûõ òåëåêîììóíèêàöèîííûõ êîìïàíèé, ïðîèçâîäèòåëåé ñåòåâîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, è îðãàíèçàöèé çàùèòû ñâîáîäíîãî ðûíêà, òàêèõ êàê Èíñòèòóò Êàòî.