GNU Free Documentation License . .

: ,

. , . Sikkim

 

 (2001)

540 493 (28- )

76,17 ./²

7 096[1] ² (28- )

27,2°

88,4°

,

+5:30

ISO 3166-2

IN-SK

: 27°1948 . . 88°3712 . . / 27.33° . . 88.62° . . (G) (O)

́ (. , - , .

[2].

  , ( 1977 .), ( 1981 .), , , , , ( 1995 .), ( 1996 .)[3]. , .

  .

[4].

1861 . 1861   . 1975 .

[5] - - [5].

[]

«»  ( '' '', '')  , . - «» (. འབྲ་ལོང Denjong, Denzong), « » « »; «» (. འབྲ་མོ་ལོང་ Demojong)[6]. , , «--» (Nye-mae-el, «»),   « » (. Beymul Demazong), « »[7].

[] -

, (. district collector). , . , , .

, , , , [4]. : , ( ), ( ), ( ), ( )[8].

[]

, , -, . 28- ( 35) , 7096 ²[1].

114 , 64 . . 280 ,     8585 . , . [9].

, . ,   . , . , - - 7000 . (7125) - , .

, . 21 , , , 25  . - , , -. 227 , , , . , .   , , . , « », . Ÿ 105 [10]. , [11].

.

(8 586 ),

, , , . (), , , , -. .   50 °C.

[]

, . . . , .

, . . , , , [11].

, , , , , [12][13].

, . . , 14 2006 5,7, , [14].

[]

.

( ) . , 28 °C 0 °C .   , ,   (), .   , . , 300  , , 1000 2000 . 3000  , 100  . 18 °C. 6000 [15].

(19681997)[16]
 
 
30.9
 
12.3
4.0
 
 
79.1
 
13.7
5.2
 
 
116.0
 
18.3
8.7
 
 
289.2
 
20.9
11.3
 
 
552.6
 
21.6
13.4
 
 
603.1
 
22.2
15.9
 
 
649.6
 
22.0
16.5
 
 
574.0
 
22.4
16.4
 
 
487.7
 
21.6
15.3
 
 
181.1
 
20.7
12.1
 
 
40.0
 
17.6
8.5
 
 
22.7
 
14.1
5.4
°C

. 11 . , - 40 °C. , [11].

[]

  .

. , , . , , .

, 35 . , , , , . 1 500 , , , , . 3 500 5 000 (, , , ). . 5 000 , 523 [17][18], 60 , 11 , 23 , 16 , 362 , . 424 .[18] , « », , . : Anemone dumosa var. monantha, Rananculus sikkimensis, Uvaria lurida var. sikkimensis, Berberis umbellata var. sikkimensis, Astralagus zemuensis, Caragana spinifera, Anaphalis cavei, Anaphalis hookeri, Anaphalis subumbellata, Blumea sikkimensis, Cacalis chola, Cremanthodium palmatum var. benthamii, Crepis atropappa, Inula macrosperma, Jurinea cooperi, Lactuca cooperi, Ligularia kingiana, Ligularia pachycarpa[19].

 

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .   - (Hemitragus jemhalicus schaeferi)[20]. , , ; - , , .

550 , 26 [11] [21]. , , , , , , , , , , , .

. 1 438 , [22], 695 [23].

[]

, : , (. wildlife sanctuaries): , , , . . , 1977 1784 ² . , [24].

[]

  , , VIII . , . , . XIV (), , , , () . 1642 , , () , , [25]. . .

1670 , , . , . 1793 .

1700 , , . , . 1717 1733 ( ) . , , , [26].

1791 , , . ,   . - . - 18141816 1816 , 1817 . , , . , . 1849 , ( ) . . , . , 1850 , ( ). , 1860 1861 . 1861 , . , , . 1886 , . 1888 , [27]. 1894 [28].

, , , . 1930 [29]. 1924 [30].

. , , [31].

1947 , , - . , , . . 1955 , . , 1951 ,   ,   . 1970- , , , , . 1973 , , , . 1974 , 3 1974 , . 1975 -, , . , . , 97,5 % ( 59%[32]) . 16 1975 , [33]. 2003 , . 2000 , , . , [34]. 2003 « », « - »[35]. . 6 2006 -[36]. , .[37][38]

[]

.

  , XVIIIXIX [10]. , .   , XIV , ,   - . , , . . , , 1975 , ( ), , , , . .

(60,9 %) , 28,1 %  , 6,7 %  .[39]   , XIX . , ,   . 1,4 % , [2][40]. .

. , . ,   , , -, , , , , , , , (), , , , , [4][41].

«», , [4]. , ,   .

  , 2001 , 540 851 , 288 484 252 367 .[42]   76   . , 1991 2001 , 32,98 %. , 11,06 % . , . , , , 50 000 . 1951 , . 2005 29 808 , [10][41][43]. 19,2 % .   . 2005 552 [44].

[]

, . , , , , , , . . , , , , , , , . , , [4][15].   , , , , , , [10].

- . , , . . 8,3 % , [45].

 

. , , . , . , , . , , , , , , . . - «Playwin» [46].

, , , , , , [12].

- 6 2006 , , , [36].

[]

, - . 2008 [47].

, , 124  . , Sikkim Tourism Development Corporation[48]. .   -  16  .

31A . , . , , , , , , . . , , . , . . 2004 124 , 66 [4].

[]

 

, , . ,   . , , . ( ). , . 32 ,   .   [49].

1979 , . 1984 1989 , 1989 32 . 1994 , , , . 1999 2004 [28].

:

, . , 1993 . , 2004 31 32[50]. 1961 , . . 1974 . , 1979 , 1981 , 1984 , , , . 1989 , , . 25 2008 [51].

[4]:   ,   ,   ,   (Cymbidium goeringii).

[]

, .

(, ), (, , , ) .     [52]. , , .

. . - (. Tak-phu)  , . , (--  . Lha-ri nying phu, --, . Kah-do Sang phu, - . Pe-phu, - . De-chhen phu) , , , .   , , , . .   , [53]. .

. , , . . [54].

- . 1960-  1970- Orchids Flickers , 1982 - Shooting Star Soul Saviour ( Flickers). -, , , - .

  , [55].

  . . . 1982 . .   , , , .

,   , . , , , ( ), , , .   ,   .   , . ( ) ( ).   , , , , . , , , , . [56].

, ,   .

[]

[57].

,   .

[]

, , . Border Roads Organisation (BRO), , . , . 1857,35  , BRO, [58]. . .

, . 182 -, 631 [59]. 73,2 % [58]. , .

[]

, . ,   .   «Samay Dainik», «Sikkim Express», «Sikkim Now» ( ) «Himalibela» ( ). , «The Statesman» «The Telegraph» ( ), «The Hindu» «The Times of India» ( ). «Himalaya Darpan», , - . «Sikkim Herald»  . -, -  «Himgiri». -[60]. - «Tistarangit», [61].

-, . . . Dish TV, Doordarshan Nayuma. BSNL, Vodafone, Reliance Infocomm Airtel, BSNL .   All India Radio[62].

[]

. , 1989 , , 31,4 9,1 ( 32,8 10,1; 24,5 4,3). , , . 32 (2005 )[43]. 1965 ( ), , [63].

3000 , (. Primary health center) 20000 , (. Community health center) 80000 . , , [64].

[]

69,68 %, 76,73 % 61,46 % . 100 % 2015 [44]. 1545 18 [58]. [10]. -, , . 12 .   , ,   [65]. 2008 , [66]. , , 28  . .

[]

  1. 1 2 Physical Feature and Ecosystem  (.). The Department of Information and Public Relations (2003). 19 2011. 9 2010.
  2. 1 2 Arjun Adlakha Population Trends: India (PDF). International brief 5. U.S. Department of Commerce (April 1997).( ) 4 2008.
  3. Sonam Wangdi. Nepali Language in the Eighth Schedule of Constitution. «Darjeeling Times», 13 2009 .
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 General Information. Sikkiminfo.net. 19 2011. 4 2008.
  5. 1 2 Seema Sengupta Revisiting Sikkim  the Last Shangrila. Korean Times. 19 2011. 9 2010.
  6. Sarat Chandra Das Tibetan-English Dictionary.  Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 2004.  . 928.  1353 .  ISBN 8120817133
  7. General information about Sikkim. Sikkim Tourism, Government of Sikkim. 10 2008. 9 2008.
  8. Saurabh Gupta, Syed Taha Owais Top-down approach for generating spatial database at cadastral level A Sikkim Himalayan experience. GIS Development.( ) 9 2008.
  9. «Luxuriant forests cover 36 % of the land»  Flora and Fauna
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Physical Features of Sikkim. Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim (29  2005). 13 2008. 8 2010.
  12. 1 2 Sikkim's Economy. National Informatics Centre (29  2002). 11 2008. 6 2008.
  13. Resources. Envis Centre Sikkim on Ecotourism. 4 2005. 26 2008.
  14. Sikkim Earthquake of 14 February 2006. National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Kanpur (2005). 19 2011. 22 2008.
  15. 1 2 Climatic zones in Sikkim. Meteorological Center, Gangtok. 25 2008. 22 2008.
  16. Meteorological data in respect of Gangtok and Tadong station. Meteorological Center, Gangtok. 14 2008. 22 2008.
  17. Lucksom S Z Orchids of Sikkim and North East Himalaya.  Vedamsbooks, 2007.  ISBN 81-7525-863-1
  18. 1 2 Biodiversity. Department of Forest, Environment & Wildlife, Government of Sikkim.
  19. Plant/Taxa/Genera/Species with diverse characteristics. Envis Centre Sikkim on Ecotourism. 12 2010. 26 2008.
  20. Rare and threatened mammal species. Envis Centre Sikkim on Ecotourism. 11 2005. 27 2008.
  21. Threatend birds of Sikkim. Envis Centre Sikkim on Ecotourism. 24 2005. 27 2008.
  22. Evans,W.H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies, (2/e) pp 23
  23. Haribal, Meena (1994) Butterflies of Sikkim, pg 9.
  24. Existing and Proposed Areas in Sikkim for Bio-diversity Conservation. Envis Centre Sikkim on Ecotourism. 3 2005. 27 2008.
  25. Government of Sikkim About Sikkim. Government of Sikkim. 16 2008. 5 2008.
  26. History of Sikkim. Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim (29  2005). 22 2008. 5 2008.
  27. History of Sikkim. Envis Centre Sikkim on Ecotourism. 8 2005. 26 2008.
  28. 1 2 History of Sikkim. Government of Sikkim (29  2002). 9 2008. 6 2008.
  29. Eliade Mircea Autobiography, Volume 1: 1907-1937, Journey East, Journey West.  University of Chicago Press, 1990.  P. 169.  ISBN 0226204073
  30. 80- - .. . "" (1  2003). 19 2011. 29 2008.
  31. Ganju Lama. SikkimInfo. 19 2011. 19 2008.
  32. Opinions 24x7: The Story of Sikkim
  33. Elections after the merger. Sikkiminfo.net. 19 2011. 6 2008.
  34. Baruah, Amit. China backs India's bid for U.N. Council seat, The Hindu (12  2005). 6 2008.
  35. - 18 2004
  36. 1 2 Historic India-China link opens, BBC (6  2006). 6 2008.
  37. Xinhua. Roundup: "Silk Road" rejoins at Nathu La Pass after 44 years, People's Daily Online (7  2006). 19 2008.
  38. China to build three railways in Tibet, China Daily (29  2006). 19 2008.
  39. census of india, 2001
  40. Gracious people unique culture. Envis Centre Sikkim on Ecotourism. 25 2008.
  41. 1 2 People of Sikkim. Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim (12  2006). 22 2008. 9 2008.
  42. Sensus of India  Sikkim
  43. 1 2 Facts and figures about Sikkim. Government of Sikkim. 16 2008. 14 2008.
  44. 1 2 Interview with Chief Minister Pawan Chamling. Frontline.( ) 15 2008.
  45. Economy of Sikkim. Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim (29  2005). 8 2008. 6 2008.
  46. Playwin lottery. Interplay Multimedia Pty. Ltd. (20  2006). 19 2011. 6 2008.
  47. Greenfield airport in Sikkim approved. Thaindian News (16  2008). 19 2011. 6 2008.
  48. Helicopter Service. Sikkimpackages. 19 2011. 6 2008.
  49. Judge strengths in High Courts increased, Ministry of Law & Justice (30  2003). 6 2008.
  50. Sikkim Legislative Assembly, Headlines India. 13 2008.
  51. Former Sikkim CM sentenced to six months jail, zeenews.com, India edition (25  2008). 29 2008.
  52. Culture and Festivals of Sikkim. Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim (29  2005). 8 2008. 8 2008.
  53. Monasteries in Sikkim. SikkimInfo. 19 2011. 8 2008.
  54. Folk dances. SikkimInfo. 19 2011. 19 2008.
  55. Sikkim Trivia. NAMCHANGKORPA. 19 2011. 16 2008.
  56. Sikkim Human Development Report 2001. Government of Sikkim. 8 2008.
  57. Places of Tourist interest in Sikkim. Envis Centre Sikkim on Ecotourism. 27 2008.
  58. 1 2 3 Sikkim at a glance. Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Sikkim (29  2005). 28 2007. 7 2008.
  59. Per capita power consumption in India. INRnews (20  2007). 19 2011. 8 2008.
  60. Himgiri. 8 2008.
  61. Tistarangit. 19 2011. 8 2008.
  62. Entertainment in Sikkim. Sikkiminfo.net. 19 2011. 8 2008.
  63. Jeta Sankrutyayana Development without shocks: A Himalayan experience, : Sikkim, ed. by Mahendra P. Lama.  New Delhi: Indus publishing company, 1994.  P. 208221.  ISBN 8173870136
  64. Status of primary health infrastructure. Government of Sikkim. 21 2011. 28 2008.
  65. Sikkim Manipal University. 22 2008. 7 2008.
  66. Central University in Sikkim. Darjeeling Times (4  2007). 19 2011. 7 2008.

[]

  • H H Risley Gazetteer Of Sikkim.  Br Rhythms, 2005.  ISBN 8176465208
  • S. K. Sharma, Usha Sharma (editors) Documents on Sikkim and Bhutan.  Anmol Publications PVT. LTD, 1998.  ISBN 8174885463
  • Nirmalananda Sengupta State Government and Politics, Sikkim.  Sterling, 1985.
  • C. De Beauvoir Stocks Sikkim: Customs and Folklore.  Cosmo Publications, 1975.

[]