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Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758)
.

 

 

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IUCN 3.1 Endangered : 2477
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ITIS   180528
NCBI   9771
EOL   328574
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( , ́[1], . Balaenoptera musculus)  , ( ). , , , , - . 33 , 150 [2][3].

, . , . , , .

  , , .   . , , , . . , , . , . [4].

XX .   , . 1960-   1963 5000 [5]. , , -   10 000 , . , . .

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. ,

,  (.)., 1694 . « » « » (. Sibbald's Rorqual)[6].

Balaenoptera musculus « », 1758 . balaenoptera , , «», (. balaena  , ; . πτερόν  ). musculus ,   «» «». , , , , - «»[7].

XIX . , , . , « » 1834 ; « » (. broad-nosed whale)[8].

« » « » (. sulphur-bottom, .  ), « », - - (. yellow tinge, .  )[9].   blue whale, .  [10]. , « » , XIX . , ,  (.).. [8]. « » 1880-   , 1884 . 1888 [8].

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( ). , ́

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,   , . , 27 % [11]. , U- , . , , ́ ; 1530 [11].   [12]. ; . ( 20) , [13]. , .

( )
.

, , ( ) , . . , 9[14] 10 [13]. , «» (. splash guard)[15].

, , . . , , [14]. , ́ , , , , ́ [16].   [9], 1 % ( 35 [12]). , , [2]. . 1/7 [17]; 7,6 ; . [18][17].

-, , .   (, [19]), [20]. 5568[21] 8090[22].

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(   ). , , . , [23]:

« , , , , , . »

, 1926 . Ÿ 33 . , , -, 150 . , 1947 190- [15]. 181,4- [24]. 30-   1922 , 1964 30- 135 [2]. , [13].

31 [12]. , , . , 1926 [6]. [25][26], , , , 37 .

30  ;   22,8  23,5  ,   [2]. 25 27  [27].

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; , -, . [17]. 4 [18].   10  [6].

3 .   26,7- , 122 , ,  3050 . , , . , 14 . , , , ,   2,5 % ( 7,1 % ).   8 . [19].

, , , ( 23 ), [19]. , [28]. , 20 , 510 [7].

40 [2]. . 27 %   , -, , [16]. , , 1948 , 31 108,6 ,   32,3 127,5 [19]. 30 [18].

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, . ( ), , . [21]. , [6], , , [2].

Cocconeis duplex, Cocconeis ceticola

, , . , ( , ), , , . , «». . , [13], , , [29]. , [9].

, ( ) , , Cocconeis ceticola[15], , . , [2]. - [16], , [17]. , [23].

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, , (). 90  , , [29], 5053 .

90 , , , , [18]. 260 400 [16], 540790 [26], 800[30].

  , «» ( , Balaenoptera)[2][31]. , , . , , , , [2][32].

[]

, , :[2][9][20][16][12]

  • (Balaenoptera musculus musculus Linnaeus 1758); . 1758 [20], .
  • (Balaenoptera musculus intermedia, Burmeister, 1872). , [20].   , , , . [33].
  • (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda, Ichihara, 1966), -. 1959 , [2] 1961 [34]. - 10 .   3 , . , , [2], , , [35] ( : . brevicauda  ). , , [9], [34].
, , , 0° 80° [36]. , ,   , . , , 2003 () [36]. , , , [36]. , ( ) , - , , . , - : , , [2].
  • , , (Balaenoptera musculus indica, Blyth, 1859)[21][12], , , , [20].

[20]; , [13]

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[]

. , . , . . , ,   , [20].

.   6 

. , [20]. , - [37].

, , 5[38]. (, , ) 1990-   [39]. , [4]. , 10 [39]. 9 [20].

44° . , , - , . 40° . . ; . , [20]. . [40].

. . , , - . . , , , [20].

, , , [2]. [20]. , , , , . , , , [4].

. , 1912 1935 10 261 , 2[4].

[] ,

, [20]:

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -, -, , , , , , , , , ( ), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , - , , , , - , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

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  , Balaenoptera 7   , , , , ,  (.).. [15]. , , (. ).

[6]. ,   14 [14]. , , [41].

. , [42].

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,
: .
()
(1)
()
(2)
()
(3)
()
-
()
()

, , ; , , . , , , , , [43], , 50 [43],   820 , . . [44]. 60 [43], , 1 , 818 [45]. , [44].

, , , 33 . , , . , , , 189 1 1 ( 2529 )[45]. 200 , , 400 1600 [45].

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, [4]. ,   , , 23 . , [13]. , 5060 [26].

, , , . , , , , [2][11]. . ,   , , , [4].

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, . , , , , 500 , , 540 [31]. 200 [26], 100 [42]. 5 20 [42].   140  8 [46]. 512 , [18]. 210 , [17]. , , 50 [46].

615 . 67 ,   1540 . 4050 , . ( ). , , , , , , . , , , , , , . «» , , [2].   15 % [23]. , 94 % .

37 /[2], 48 /[26][19], , ́ . 500 [2]. , 26 /,   33 /[19].

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14 [18]. 1970- , ( ) [19].   , (-) 18  510 2 , 22,5-   711 12,5 . , , 24 0,72 . ( ) 36 [19].

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.   , ( 6  ) , ,    [16].

. 12 . , : Thysanoessa inermis Meganyctiphanes norvegica; Thysanoessa raschii. Euphausia pacifica , , Thysanoessa spinifera[9].

Meganyctiphanes norvegica,

, - , . , [2]; , . , , . , , , [39]. , , [38].

, -. , . , . , . [2].

, , , , ( 150- 29  , 32,6 ³ [19]). , , , [5]. -   , , 3,6[16] 68 [47], , 40 .[48] , 34 % [20]. 32,6 ³ 60  [19]. [16] [2].

, , , , « », [4].   120 [16]. , , 70 % [4].

[]

, , 1980- , [49].   [4].

. , , [42]. 11 [2], 1012 [39] 1112 [12];   1960- [4]. , , , 68,8  23 ( 27003600 [16]). ; , 1 100[25]. , -, , , . , , , , .   7[2]. , , , ,   80 [4].

[39]. , 1930- , , , , . , 1940- , , . , [50].

7 . 16 ( ) 23 [22]. 90 [11], , , 44 [30], 20  4550 .   , , 37 50 %,   , , 50 % [19].

, 515 ; 810 [15]. 23,8 ,   23 [26][2];   87 [19]. 19,2 [34]. 34 ( 11 )[51]. , , 1415 [2].

, , . ; , [4]. , [23], ,   , 80[31] 8090 , 110 [24]. , , , ( ) 40 [15]. , , , 31 [20].

[]

[]

, , 215 . [49][9]. [26], , 350 . 1939 ; [39]. 1966 , , , -, 19661967 [34].

. , , ,   , 1984 , 1970- [35]. 1984 , 1900 ,   10 ., [35].

, 1300 2000[31], , 40 , . [26] : 510 . 34 . . . , 400 1400 , 1480, [16]. (, ) : 1700 95%- , 860 2900[15]. , , 6 [15]. , , 2007 , 3 % 1914 [33].

, , , , 5 % [39]. , , , 1980- [38]. [38]. , [18].

[]

, [20]. , (45 ) ́ , , ( , ) 200307 . ,     [38]. 1995 [39].

5 . , 4 5 2007 .   1,2 [38]. , , 9 % , , 25 %. , , [39]. 12 % [15]. , , . , , , [41].

, [23]. , 1990- , , ( ), . , , , [52]. , , [20].

, . , ( , ) , , , , , , . , , , [44]. , , - ; SURTASS (.)., [53]. , , , [53][38].

(. Orcinus orca) .

[] ,

, . , , , .   , 1979 30 . , [54]. 1990 , , , , [39].

, , [39]. , ,   , , [39]. , , ,  4 % [35].

, , , . - (Coronula diadema, Coronula reginae)[55]. , , [34]. (), , , ,  , , , [35]. , , , Crassicauda boopis, . , 1914 , , . 194050- , [56]. Crassicauda boopis [56].

[]

[]

. Ÿ -

[]

1860- . , , XIX , . , (150300 ) . , . , , , . ; XIX , . , [57].

1868 [20]. , , . . -.   XX , 1980- ,  , , . , , . , , . , , . , 1868 ,   30 , .   [57].

(18091894), ,

. 1892 , , [57]:

« [. 1] , , ; , , . »

.   -, , ; -, , . 1925 , . 1914 1924 2 6 . ,   192030- ( , [49]) . , 97 % [4]. 192829 12 734 [35]. 1931 , 29 . [26][35].

. 193637 193839 , 1415 . [35]. , 1946 ( , ) , , [51]. 1963 80[4]. . 1962 60 . 372[49]; 1963  900 , . , , [4].

-, 325360 . [15] ( 2006 341 830 [20]). , , , (   1956 14 500 , 1962  15 000 ).   , 196566 4500 , 4083 , : 2312 17 558 [58]. 1 1 , 2 , 2,5 6 [59].

- , , ( ). , , ,   , , ; , [49].

() 1978 [20]. , , , [20] , -,   30 , 100%- [60].

[] ,

, , . 30  27 ( 13,5 , 6,5 7 )[50]. , , 150 , 45 [59]. 60 % , , 80 %, 34 %[4].

,   33 . - , , , , , . , , 20 [4].

, , , , , , . , - . - [50]. , [47]. , : 1  2002 158 .[61]. , , 60 [2]. [50]. ,   1,39 % 8 % [4].

́ , . XIX , , 53 ( , ,  . .)[32].

[]

XXI [62].

[] .

[]

  1. (. fish).

[]

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  • . . .  ., 1957.  . 9 ().
  • . . .  ., 1962.
  • . ., . ., . . .  ., 1972.
  • Estes J. Whales, Whaling, and Ocean Ecosystems.  University of California, 2006.  ISBN 0520248848

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