Ñìèò, Äæîí (êàïèòàí)

Êàïèòàí Äæîí Ñìèò, ñ åãî êàðòû Íîâîé Àíãëèè, 1614

Íà ãðàâþðå 1614 ãîäà

Äæîí Ñìèò (àíãë. John Smith; 9 ÿíâàðÿ 1580(15800109), Óèëëîóáè â 21 èþíÿ 1631, Ëîíäîí) â àíãëèéñêèé ïèñàòåëü è ìîðÿê, îäèí èç îñíîâàòåëåé è ëèäåðîâ Äæåéìñòàóíà â ïåðâîãî áðèòàíñêîãî ïîñåëåíèÿ íà òåððèòîðèè ñîâðåìåííûõ ÑØÀ. Èçâåñòåí êàê êàïèòàí Äæîí Ñìèò èëè Äæîí Ñìèò Äæåéìñòàóíñêèé, àìåðèêàíñêèé íàöèîíàëüíûé ãåðîé, îñîáóþ èçâåñòíîñòü ïîëó÷èë â ñâÿçè ñ èñòîðèåé î äî÷åðè èíäåéñêîãî âîæäÿ ïî èìåíè Ïîêàõîíòàñ, èçëîæåííîé â åãî êíèãàõ.

Áèîãðàôèÿ

Ðàííèå ãîäû

Äæîí Ñìèò ðîäèëñÿ 9 ÿíâàðÿ 1580 ãîäà â ìåñòå÷êå Óèëëîóáè (Willoughby), ïîáëèçîñòè îò Ýëôîðäà, Ëèíêîëüíøèð (en:Alford, Lincolnshire), Àíãëèÿ. Îáó÷àëñÿ â ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé øêîëå êîðîëÿ Ýäóàðäà VI.  âîçðàñòå 13 ëåò îñèðîòåë è âñêîðå ïîñòóïèë â ïîäìàñòåðüÿ ê êóïöó Òîìàñó Ñýíäàëëó (Thomas Sendall).  16 ëåò Ñìèò îñòàâëÿåò îáó÷åíèå ó Ñýíäàëëà è îòïðàâëÿåòñÿ âî Ôðàíöèþ, ñîïðîâîæäàÿ âòîðîãî ñûíà ëîðäà Óèëëîóáè, êîòîðîãî âñêîðå ïîêèäàåò, ÷òîáû ïðèñîåäèíèòüñÿ ê áîðüáå çà íåçàâèñèìîñòü Íèäåðëàíäîâ. ×åðåç äâà ãîäà îí íàíèìàåòñÿ íà êîììåð÷åñêèé êîðàáëü, ïëàâàþùèé ïî Ñðåäèçåìíîìó ìîðþ.

 1600 ãîäó Ñìèò èä¸ò â àâñòðèéñêóþ àðìèþ, êîòîðàÿ âîþåò ñ Îñìàíñêîé èìïåðèåé. Çà ìóæåñòâî è îòâàãó áûë ïðîèçâåä¸í â ðàíã êàïèòàíà òðàíñèëüâàíñêèì ãîñïîäàðåì Ñèãèçìóíäîì Áàòîðèåì. Ñðàæàëñÿ â Âàëàõèè â ðÿäàõ Ðàäó Ùåðáàíà ïðîòèâ âîåâîäû Èåðåìèè Ìîâèëû, íî â 1602 ãîäó â Òðàíñèëüâàíèè áûë ñåðü¸çíî ðàíåí è âçÿò â ïëåí, à çàòåì ïðîäàí â ðàáñòâî â Êðûìñêîå õàíñòâî. Çíàòíûé òóðîê Áîãàë, êóïèâøèé Ñìèòà, îòïðàâèë åãî â êà÷åñòâå ïîäàðêà ñâîåé íåâåñòå-ãðå÷àíêå, êîòîðàÿ, ñî ñëîâ ñàìîãî êàïèòàíà, ÿêîáû âëþáèëàñü â íåãî. Ïîçæå äåâóøêà îòïðàâèëà ïëåííèêà ñâîåìó áðàòó. Ïîòîì îí áûë îòïðàâëåí â Àçîâ.

Óáèâ ñâîåãî íîâîãî õîçÿèíà, Ñìèò áåæàë èç ðàáñòâà. ×åðåç Ðóññêîå öàðñòâî è Ðå÷ü Ïîñïîëèòóþ îí äîáðàëñÿ äî Ñâÿùåííîé Ðèìñêîé Èìïåðèè. Íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ ñïóñòÿ Ñìèò, ïîëó÷èâ çàñëóæåííûå íàãðàäû, ïîêèíóë àðìèþ è îòïðàâèëñÿ ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü ïî Åâðîïå è Ñåâåðíîé Àôðèêå. Çèìîé 1604 ãîäà Äæîí Ñìèò âîçâðàùàåòñÿ â Àíãëèþ.

Ñóùåñòâóåò ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî Ñìèò èñïîëüçîâàë ñèñòåìó óêðåïëåíèÿ «ïàëèñàä», ñ êîòîðîé ïîçíàêîìèëñÿ ó äîíñêèõ êàçàêîâ, ïðè çàùèòå ïîñåëåíèÿ â Âèðäæèíèè îò èíäåéöåâ; à ðóññêèå áðåâåí÷àòûå èçáû ñòàëè îáðàçöîì ïîñòðîåê ïåðâûõ àìåðèêàíñêèõ ïîñåëåíöåâ, èçâåñòíûõ êàê «ëîã-êàáèí» .

Âèðäæèíñêàÿ ýêñïåäèöèÿ

Äæîí Ñìèò çàõâàòûâàåò â ïëåí êîðîëÿ Ïóìàíêè (1624)

Ãðàâþðà Ñèìîíà âàí äå Ïàññà. Ïîêàõîíòàñ, 1616.

«Îáùàÿ èñòîðèÿ Âèðãèíèè, Íîâîé Àíãëèè è îñòðîâîâ Ñîììåðñà»

 Àíãëèè Äæîí Ñìèò ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ê Âèðäæèíñêîé êîìïàíèè, êîòîðàÿ ãîòîâèëàñü ê êîëîíèçàöèè íîâûõ çåìåëü. 20 äåêàáðÿ 1606 ãîäà òðè êîðàáëÿ Âèðäæèíñêîé êîìïàíèè («Ñüþçàí Êîíñòàíò», «Ãîäñïèò» è «Äèñêàâýðè») îòïëûëè èç Àíãëèè. Ïóòåøåñòâèå äëèëîñü 4 ìåñÿöà.  àïðåëå 1607 ãîäà êîðàáëè ýêñïåäèöèè äîñòèãëè çåìëè.

Äæîí Ñìèò âîø¸ë â Ñîâåò èç ñåìè ÷åëîâåê, âûáðàííûõ ðóêîâîäñòâîì êîìïàíèè äëÿ óïðàâëåíèÿ íîâîé êîëîíèåé. 13 ìàÿ 1607 ãîäà áûëî îñíîâàíî ïîñåëåíèå â Äæåéìñòàóí.

Êíèãè Ñìèòà

Îïèñàíèå Íîâîé Àíãëèè

Îñíîâíûå êíèãè Ñìèòà:

• «Èñòèííîå ïîâåñòâîâàíèå î äîñòîïðèìå÷àòåëüíûõ ñîáûòèÿõ â Âèðãèíèè» (1608), ÷àñòî ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ïåðâûì ïðîèçâåäåíèåì àìåðèêàíñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû.
• «Êàðòà Âèðãèíèè» (1612).
• The Proceedings of the English Colony in Virginia (1612)
• «Îïèñàíèå Íîâîé Àíãëèè» (1616).
• New Englandâ™s Trials (1620, 1622)
• «Îáùàÿ èñòîðèÿ Âèðãèíèè, Íîâîé Àíãëèè è îñòðîâîâ Ñîììåðñà» â 6 ÷àñòÿõ (1624), ãäå îí èçëàãàåò ðàññêàç î Ïîêàõîíòàñ.
• An Accidence, or the Pathway to Experience Necessary for all Young Seamen (1626)
• «Ìîðñêàÿ ãðàììàòèêà» (îê. 1627)
• «Ïðàâäèâûå ñòðàíñòâèÿ, ïðèêëþ÷åíèÿ è íàáëþäåíèÿ êàïèòàíà Äæîíà Ñìèòà â Åâðîïå, Àçèè, Àôðèêå è Àìåðèêå ñ 1593 ïî 1629 ã. îò Ð. Õ.» (1630).
• Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, or Anywhere (1631)

Áèáëèîãðàôèÿ

• Horn, James, ed. Captain John Smith, Writings, with Other Narratives of Roanoke, Jamestown, and the English Settlement of America (Library of America, 2007) ISBN 978-1-59853-001-8.
• Philip L. Barbour, The Jamestown Voyages under the First Charter, 1606â1609, 2 vols., Publications of the Hakluyt Society, ser.2, 136-37 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969)
• A. Bryant Nichols Jr., Captain Christopher Newport: Admiral of Virginia, Sea Venture, 2007
• Philip L. Barbour, The Three Worlds of Captain John Smith (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1964)
• Gleach, Frederic W. Powhatanâ™s World and Colonial Virginia. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
• Dorothy Hoobler and Thomas Hoobler, Captain John Smith: Jamestown and the Birth of the American Dream (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006)
• Horn, James. A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America (New York: Basic Books, 2005)
• Kupperman, Karen Ordahl ed., John Smith: A Select Edition of His Writings (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988)
• Price, David A., Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Heart of a New Nation (New York: Knopf, 2003)
• Lemay, J.A. Leo. Did Pocahontas Save Captain John Smith? Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1992, p. 25.
• Giles Milton, Big Chief Elizabeth: The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America, Macmillan, New York, 2001
• John Smith, The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580â1631) in Three Volumes, edited by Philip L. Barbour, 3 vols. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for The Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, 1986)
• Smith, John. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles. 1624. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998. pp. 198-9, 259.
• Smith, John. Letter to Queen Anne. 1616. Repr. as 'John Smithâ™s Letter to Queen Anne regarding Pocahontas'. Caleb Johnsonâ™s Mayflower Web Pages. 1997. Accessed 23 April, 2006.
• Symonds, William. The Proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia. 1612. Repr. in The Complete Works of Captain John Smith. Ed. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. Vol. 1, pp. 251-2
• Warner, Charles Dudley, Captain John Smith, 1881. Repr. in Captain John Smith Project Gutenberg Text

Ññûëêè

• Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail Official Website
• Friends of the John Smith Trail
• NGS Then and Now â John Smith
• Captain John Smith Trail in Virginia
• John Smith Water Trail Blog
• The Captain John Smith Water Trail
• A Description of New England (1616) online text (PDF)
• Our Most Politically Incorrect Founding Father (WorldNet Daily)
• The Ugliest Monument in New England (seacoastnh.com)
• The Ugliest Monument in New England II
• John Smith Memorial Photo History
• Captain John Smith Chesapeake NHT is administered by the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network
• John Smith 400 Project â 2007 Re-enactment Voyage
• Smith Water Trail Loops
• Complete text of the Generall Historie American Memory
• Texts of Imagination & Empire, by Emily Rose, Princeton University Folger Shakespeare Library
• Captain John Smith His Life and Legend