|
|
|||||
| : «Dieu et mon droit» «( )» | |||||
| : «God Save the Queen/King» ( ) | |||||
| 1 1801 ( ) |
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| (de facto) | |||||
| , , , , , , | |||||
| [1] | |||||
- |
II |
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% . |
77- 243 809 ² 1,34% |
||||
(2011) (2001) |
62 698 362[2] . (22-) 58 789 194[3] . 246 ./² (48-) |
||||
| () (2010) |
2,172 [4] $ (7-) 34 919[4] $ (18-) |
||||
| () (2010) |
2,247 [4] $ (6-) 36 119[4] $ (20-) |
||||
| (2011) | ▲ 0,863[5] ( .) (28-) | ||||
| (GBP, 826) | |||||
| British Airways | |||||
| - | .uk, .eu ( ), .gb ( ) | ||||
| ISO | GB | ||||
| +44 | |||||
| +0 | |||||
́ ( . Great Britain; ́ ́ ́ ́, . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, - «United Kingdom» « ») [6]. , , . , XIX XX .
« » (- «countries», «»): , , . - , ( ) .
|
|
[]
243 809 ², 240 579 ², 3 230 ². 1993 10 % , 46 % , 25 % [7]. 17 820 [8]. 50 , 38 , [9]. 360 [2].
, 130 395 ²[10]. [7] -, , , . , . - 978 [7].
, 78 772 ²[11], [12] , , . , [13]. , . , -, 1343 [14]. , Ը-- Ը--, « », , .
, 20 779 ²[15]. , . , , . 1085 , [7]. 14-15 3000 ( 900 ) . 1200 , , -.
13 843 ² . - 388 ², [16]. 852 [7].
[]
[2]. , 11°C 35 °C[17]. - [2], , , . , , , .
[]
, . « , ». XIX , [18]. , , , .
, . , . . , , 2000 1998 [19]. , , - 2004 [20]. , , 32 . [21].
32 . , , , , , 200 000 . , 1222[22] . , , .
22 , , , [23]. 4 [24]. 1973 26 . , , [25]. 13 2008 11 [26]. 2011 [27].
[]
, : 14 [28] .
: ( ), ( ), ( ), ( -), ( -), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), Ҹ ( -), ( -), ( ) ( )[29]. , [30] , . 1 727 527 ² ( 18 127 ²), 260 000 [31]. .
, [32]. - . 766 ², 235 000 . , , , . , , [33]. ( 1986 ., 2004, 2005).
[]
(.) |
|
|---|---|
| 1900 | 35 405 900 |
| 1949 | 50 300 000 |
| 1959 | 51 900 000 |
| 1976 | 55 900 000 |
| 1998 | 59 100 000 |
| 2004 | 59 834 900 |
| 2005 | 60 441 457 |
| 2007 | 60 776 238 |
| 2009 | 61 634 783 |
[34]. 2001 58 789 194 , , 21- . 2011 62 698 362[2] 2008 , 1998 [35]. 2001 2008 0,5 %, 0,3 % 1991 2001 0,2 % [35]. 2008 2007 , , 16 [36]. , 100 626 000 2080 [37].
2008 51,44 [35], , 383 2003[38], -[39]. 2008 5,17 , 2,99 , 1,78 [35] . , 2008[35]. , , , , .
2008 1,96 [40]. , «-» 1964 2,95 [41] 2,1, 2001 1,63 [40]. 1,8 , 2,11 2008 [40].
[]
, XI , , , , . , 50 Y [42], , « 75 % 6200 , », [43][44][45].
- , , 1730-[46], , XIX [47]. 1950 20 000 -, [48].
1945 , , , . 2004 [49], 2008 , [50].
. 30,4 % [51] 37,4 % [52] 2005 -, 5 % - , - 2001 [53].
[]
, , , , - [59]. : , , . 2001 21 % , [60], 18 % 1991 [61]. 200 000 , , [62].
2001 , 167 487 (10,4 %) « », . 92 000 ( 2 %) , 72 % [63]. , , [64]. , , ( -)[65], , , [66].
: 14 [67], 16 . . 16 , , [68].
[]
[] 1707
, 30 000 [69]. , , , , , [70]. 43 . ., 400- , , [71]. , X [72]. - ( - , , , V )[73][74] IX [75].
1066 , , , - - [76]. , [77]. . , . , , [78].
, [79]. [80], [81]. , , [82]. 1603 , , I . [83][84]. XVII ( ), [85][86]. , ( 1688 ), , , . [87]. , , ( ) , [88][89].
[] 1707
XVIII , , [93]. . , , , 1807 [94]. . , , [95].
(17921815) XIX ( 1830 1930 )[97] XX [98]. , , , «Pax Britannica»[99]. , . « »,[100] , . , , , , [101][102]. laissez-faire . , , [103]. [104].
, ( 1917 ) , (1914-18)[105]. 5 [106], . 2,5 [106]. , , , [107]. 1921 [108], , [109].
(1929-32) , , [110].
. , , . , . . [111].
, [112]. , [113]. , 1947 [114]. .
1956 , , ( 1952 ). , 1960- - .
1950- , - [115]. 1973 , 1992 , 12 -. 1960- - ( ). 1998 [116][117].
1970- 1980- , , [118]. 1984 [119]. XX , - , . XXI , [120].
[]
. II . , « , »[121]. [122], , -. , , , . « », « » , , , . , , [123].
[]
-, , , , . - Ÿ , - , , -[124].
- , , . - , . , -, 11 2010 [125]. 650 [126] . , -. 1911 1949 , , [127].
, . 2010 622 650 [128]. , : ( ), ( ) , - , ( , ). , , . , 2002 [129]. 72 , 12 [130].
[]
, , . , , , « », , , , [131], , , [132].
, , , , [133]. 2007 , , [134]. [135], 2009 , [136]. 2011 [137].
, [138]. 2006 « »[139], 2011 . 2011 , , 2009 [140].
. , ( ) ( )[141].
[]
, 19 1706 [142]. : , . 2009 [143][144]. , , , .
, , - [145]. , , , , , , , , (« »)[146]. , , ( ) ( ). , , , [147].
. [148]. [149]. , : «», « », « ». [150], « » « , »[151].
1981 1995 , , 2008 , 48 %[152]. , 80 000, , 147 100 000 [153]. 2010 32 , 10 %[154]. 80 000[155], [156].
[]
, , G8, G20, , , , , . « » [157][158] , « », . , . , , [159].
[]
, ,
« 2011 » , . , , . , , , , [160].
[]
24 1963 [161]. XX , . , , 2000- - , .
. , -, , , . , , - (). . VIII 26 2010 .
( ), . , , [162].
- , , , , , , , , , , [163].
[]
2008 20 [164][165][166]. , , 25- . 2,5 % [167]. , - - , Ÿ . , . , II.
[168]. £3,2 « » 3 2008 [169]. 2009 105 750 , 43 300, 38 160[170]. , , . , . , , 404 090[170].
, . . , , , , , -, , , , [171].
, , « » [172]. - 2000 , , , , . , 1982 , .
[]
[176]. , ref name=GDP2>. International Monetary Fund. 1 2009. (.)</ref>. Ÿ , , . . , . ( )[177]. 1997 , , [178].
2008 , 1991 [179]. 5,2 % 2008 7,6 % 2009 , 2011 18 24 11,9 % 20,3 %, 1992 [180]. 44,5 % 2007 76,1 % 2010 [181][182].
73 % [183]. , « » ( - )[184], -[173][174][175] [185]. [186].
[189] , , , [190][191]. , XIX . , , . - , 2003 [192].
800 000 £52 £26,6 [193]. ( ) £20 [194][195][196]. ( )[197][198].
60 % . 20072008 13,5 (22 % ) . [199].
[]
3 497 , 3 497 344 000 [2]. 2009 34 [202]. 16 116 303 , 18 000 1000 [2].
2009 2010 211,4 [203]. (65,6 ), (31,5 ) (18,9 )[203]. , 24 [200][201] British Airways, BMI Virgin Atlantic[204].
[]
2006 [205]. 2007 9,5 BTU, (38 %), (36 %), (13 %), (11 %) (2 %)[206]. 2009 1,5 , 1,7 [207]. 2005 [207]. 2010 3,1 , [207].
2009 13- [208]. , 2004 [208]. 2009 19,7 60,2 [206]. 2005 171 [206], 7 16 [209]. , 200 400 [210].
, , BP Royal Dutch Shell[211].
[]
XVII [212], XVIII [189] [213]. XVII-XVIII , [214], XIX , , , , , , [215]. XVIII , [216], XX , [217] , [215]. , XVIII [218], XIX , [219], , [220], XX [221], , , , -[222]. , , 1660 .
, Rolls-Royce, , BAE Systems, , - Airbus[223]. GlaxoSmithKline AstraZeneca, [224], , [225]. , , 2600 [226]. , [227]. 2004-2008 7 % , [228]. Nature, British Medical Journal (.). The Lancet.
[]
. : , - , , , , . , , , , , , , .
[]
. ,[229] , , .[230][231][232][233] , , , , , ^ , . , ( ).[234] Ealing Studios .[235]
2009 $2 , 7 % 17 % .[236] £944 2009 173 .[236] 100 . BAFTA .[237]
[]
, , , , . . 2005 260 000 2006 .[238]
(XIV ), (XV ), (XVI ) (XVII ). XVIII ( ) . XIX , , , , , , . XX : ; , ( -) ; , ; ; ; ; ; ( ); , ; , .
Y Gododdin (.)., VI Yr Hen Ogledd ( ). .[242] XVII , , .[243] (13201370), , . .[244] XIX , . XX . 1996 .
[]
BBC, 1922 , , . , , , .[245][246] ITV, 11 15 ,[247] News Corporation, News International , The Sun The Times,[248] BSkyB (.)..[249] : , , . , .[250] , , , , , , £20 167 000 .[251]
2009 , 3,75 2,81 . BBC 28,4 % ; 29,5 %, 42,1 % .[252] 1970- 2009 42 % .[253] 2010 82,5 % , 20 .[254]
[]
, , -. , ϸ, , , ( ), - , . . --. , . , , , , , , ̸ -. , ,[258] , , .[259] , - -.[260]
The Beatles , .[255][256][257] 50 Queen, , Bee Gees, , Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd The Rolling Stones, 200 .[261][262][263][264][265][266][267] 8 10 : Status Quo, Queen, The Rolling Stones, UB40, Depeche Mode, Bee Gees, Pet Shop Boys Manic Street Preachers.[268] Coldplay, Radiohead, One Direction, Oasis, Spice Girls, , , Muse, , Gorillaz, , East 17 ,Blur, Plan B
[]
. : , , Ҹ; ; ; ; ; - , ; ; ; , . 1980- 1990- - , : ո, , , , , - .
. , , , 4,7 .[269]
[]
, , , -15 , , , , , , , . , , , . , , , . 1908 1948 , 2012 , .
, , , . , , , - .[271]
2012 , , , , , .[272] , 1966 , .
. , , . . .[273] « » , 2008 , .[274] -15 , , . , , .[275]
- 1859 1865 . - , . , .[276] , ո, . .[277]
[]
: , (42 079 000) 71,6 %, (1 591 000) 2,7 %, (559 000) 1 %, (336 000) 0,6 %, (267 000) 0,5 %, (152 000) 0,3 %, (179 000) 0,3 %, (9 104 000) 15,5 %, (4 289 000) 7,3 %. , . , , .
, : 38 % («a God»)[278], , 2005 , «72 % »[279].
2008 , Joseph Rowntree Foundation, « » « »[280].
[]
- ( )
- -
[] .
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