| . |
|
|
[]
, 1 ², ( ), 1367 /² ( ). - , , ( ) 1020 /². , (- ). .
[]
[]
[]
[]
[] 1.
- - ( 30 %) . , 1 ( , , , ), 1 2 . 1,82,5 , , , . , , .
- , , , ( )[3]. (, , .) , , , , .
[] 2.
- . . , - . ( ), , , , , , . , . .
- . . 19902005 . 4 % .
- ( ) . , , .
- ( ), , . ( up-conversion), .
- 30 . , , , (), . .
[] 3.
, 1 % , , . - , , , . , , CIS CIGS, . , , 2005 «Shell» , () .
, , . . , . , , ; , , . . , , .
[]
[4]:
- ( ):
- ;
- () ;
- : EFG (Edge defined film-fed crystal growth technique), S-web (Siemens), (Apex).
- ( ):
- : , , , CSG (crystalline silicon on glass);
- (CdTe);
- --() (CI(G)S);
- :
- (dye-sensitized solar cell, DSC);
- () (OPV);
- (CTZSS);
- .
2005 6 % . 2006 7 % . 2007 8 %. 2009 16,8 %[5].
1999 2006 80 %.
[]
1985 21 .
| № | , . 2010 |
|
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17320 | |
| 2 | 3892 | |
| 3 | 3617 | |
| 4 | 3502 | |
| 5 | 2519 | |
| 6 | 1953 | |
| 7 | 1025 | |
| 8 | 893 | |
| 9 | 803 | |
| 10 | . | 573 |
| 11 | 504 | |
| - | 39778 |
: [6].
2005 1656 .
- First Solar 1100,0
- Suntech 704,0
- Sharp 595,0
- Q-Cells 586,0
- Yingli 525,3
- JA Solar 520,0
- Kyocera 400,0
- Trina Solar 399,0
- SunPower 397,0
- Gintech 368,0
2010 0,1 % [7].
[]
2010 2,7 % [8].
2010 2 % [9].
2011 3 % [10].
2011 , , 20- , 100 [11]. . Sarnia (97 ), Montalto di Castro (84,2 ) Finsterwalde (80,7 ). - 80- .
[]
[]
| . |
2050 20-25 % . (IEA), 40 9 - 20-25 % , 6 [7]. , , 40 , , . . , , .. , . 40 , . , . 30 , , .
[] ( 2007 .)
[]
, : , , , , , . .
[]
, . : , , . ., . , . .
2001 , $0,09-$0,12 ·. , , $0,04-$0,05 20152020 .
2007 . , .
2010 ( ) [7].
[]
. 150 °. . « » $3 $7. .
. , 2008 . 19 000 31 . 2 1,7 20082012 . .
[]
. :
- Weizmann Institute of Science 2005 . 1200 ° . . . , . . Institute for the Energies and Applied Research.
- Clean Hydrogen Producers (CHP) . 93 ². 2200°. 1700 °. 6,5 (6,5 ·/..) CHP 94,9 . 3800 ( 10,4 ).
, .
[]
Solatec LLC Toyota Prius. 0,6 , . , 10 %.
20 1980, Solar Impulse, . 2010 . 24 . () , . .
[] .
| ? |
[]
- «Million Solar Roofs» 3 15.12.2005
- . . chaskor.ru (22 2008). 22 2011.
- http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/ Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS)
- http://www.cleandex.ru/files/publications/3100/3105/cleandex_pv_russia_ukraine_2011_rev1.1.pdf Cleandex - . 2011
- 1 2 Top 10: Ten Largest Solar PV Companies 29 2010 .
- Compiled by Earth Policy Institute from European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2013 (Brussels: April 2009), p. 13; EPIA, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2014 (Brussels: May 2010), pp. 5, 10-21.
- 1 2 3 BFM.RU .
- Paul Gipe Spain Generated 3 % of its Electricity from Solar in 2010 28 2011
- Paul Gipe New Record for German Renewable Energy in 2010 25 2011 .
- Paul Gipe Italy Passes 7,000 MW of Total Installed Solar PV 22 2011 .
- Activ Solar
- Stephen Lacey Green Jobs Are Real: German and American Solar Industry Both Employ More People Than U.S. Steel Production 17 2011 .
- http://www.ecobusinesslinks.com/solar_panels.htm Free solar panel price survey
- http://eetd.lbl.gov/EA/EMS/reports/lbnl-1516e-ppt.pdf Tracking the Sun. The Installed Cost of Photovoltaics in the U.S. from 19982007
[]
- 2006
- International Energy Agency.
- : .
- . ., . ., . . // , 2004, .38, .8, .937-948.
- Solardaily
| : |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| : |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
: |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
: |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| : | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|---|---|
| () | () | () | () | | | | | () | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| : | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| - | | | | | | | | |
| - | |
| | - | |
() |
| (, -, ) | - | |
| | | | | |
| - | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | - | |
| | | - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

