| |
149,6×106 [1] (8,31 ) |
| (V) | 26,74m[1] |
| 4,83m[1] | |
| G2V | |
| ~2,5×1020 (26 000 . ) |
|
| ~4,6×1017 (48 . ) |
|
| 2,252,50×108 | |
| ~2,2×105 /[2] ( ) 19,4 /[1] ( ) |
|
| 1,392×109 (109 )[1] |
|
| 6,9551×108 [3] | |
| 4,37001×109 [3] | |
| 9×106 | |
| 6,07877×1018 ² (11 917,607 )[3] |
|
| 1,40927×1027 ³ (1 301 018,805 )[3] |
|
| 1,9891×1030 (332 982 )[1] |
|
| 1409 /³[3] |
|
| 274,0 /²[1][3] (27,96 g[3]) | |
| ( ) |
617,7 / (55,2 )[3] |
| 5778 [1] | |
| ~1 500 000 | |
| ~13 500 000 | |
| 3,846×1026 [1] (~3,75×1028 ) |
|
| 2,009×107 /²/ | |
| 7,25°[1][3] ( ) 67,23° ( ) |
|
| |
286,13°[4] (19 4 30 ) |
| +63,87°[4] | |
| ( 16°) |
25,38 [1] (25 9 7 13 )[4] |
| ( ) | 25,05 [1] |
| ( ) | 34,3 [1] |
| ( ) |
7284 / |
| 73,46 % | |
| 24,85 % | |
| 0,77 % | |
| 0,29 % | |
| 0,16 % | |
| 0,12 % | |
| 0,12 % | |
| 0,09 % | |
| 0,07 % | |
| 0,05 % | |
́ , : , , , , . 99,866 % [5]. [6] ( ), . (~73 % ~92 % ), (~25 % ~7 % [7]) : , , , , , , , , , [8]. 1 98 000 , 851 , 398 , 123 , 100 , 47 , 38 , 35 , 16 , 4 , 3 , 2 , , . 1,4 /³, ̸ . G2V (« »). 6000 , , - ( , ).
, . 100 [9]. 85 % , , ( ). , . .
, 149,6 , , , (3132 ). 26 000 , 200 [10]. 217 / , 1400 , 8 [11]. , , « » , , , « » . , 50 17 , , ( +4,83m).
|
|
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. , [12]. , , , , , , .
, 370 /², 1000 /² ( ). . , ( ). ( ) . , .
. , , , 8, . 47° ( , 23,5°). , . ( ) .
152 , 147 [14]. 3 [15]. 5 , 7 % . , , , .
- . , 11 , . , , , . ., , , , , ( , ). , . .
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( ), , 4,57 [16].
, , 10 . , [17]. . 4 , .
, . , 45 . , , , . 7,8 , 100 , . , . -, . , , , , [18][19].
, , . , 500700 , . . , - 1 [19][20].
[]
[]
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150175 . ( 2025 % ), , [21]. 150 000 /³[22] ( 150 ~6,6 ), 14 . , SOHO, , , [21][16]. - , -4[23]. 4,26 , 2×1027 . , , . , , 276,5 /³[24]. , (0,05 ³) 285 / (1192 /), . . , «» () .
[]
, 0,20,25 0,7 , . . , , , , , , . - , ( ) , . 170 . [27].
2 7 [28]. , , , [29]. , . 0,2 ( ) 20 ( ) [28].
[]
. , () . , , , . , , . , 200 000 , . 5800 , 1/1000 [28].
, , . ( ) . 12 /, 6 /. 1015 , , . , , [30]. , , [28].
[]
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(, ) . Ÿ 2/3 [31]. , 100[32] 400 [1]. () , . 6600 4400 [1]. 5778 [1]. , . . , , . . , [32]. , 24 , 30 [32].
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( .-. χρομα , σφαίρα , ) 2000 , )[33]. , , H- . , , . , , 6070 .[34] - XIX , , ). 4000 20 000 ( , 10 000 , )[33].
, , . , , . Ÿ . H- 656,3 , Ca II K (393,4 ) Ca II H (396,8 ). , , [35]:
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. , , . 1 000 000 2 000 000 , , , 8 000 000 20 000 000 [36]. , , , . , -, [36][37] (. ). : , . , . , . . , 600 000 , . («») , .
, L, K F (, , L-, K- F-; L- E-[38]. K- . 910 L-. 3 ( 30) , . F- . 20 F- . 910 , . 20 , [38]. , , , 17,1 (171 Å), 19,3 (193 Å), 19,5 (195 Å), , . , , , , .
[]
( , α-), , . . 400 / 1,41,6×106 . 750 /, 8×105 , [39]. , . [40].
1,3×1036 [40][41]. ( ) 23×1014 [42], 6,7 . , , 150 [43]. , .
1959 «-1»[44]. [45]. «-2»[46]. 1990- (. Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer (UVCS)) SOHO .
[]
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( ) , , . , . , , - ( « »). , , . , . , , , 11- 22 (« »).
- () ́ . ( ) . , («») , (. . « ») («p-»), («») («f-»). , , , . , , , ( ), ( ).
[47] ( ) , , .
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, . , 11 ( « » « »). XX 10 , 300 7 17 . , , 1761 . 2000 23- .
. , XVII , , ( ). (. . ), , , . , XX . , .
1947 . Ÿ 300 000 , 145 000 , 6000 () [48], 36 . . , (№ 87 1947 ) 31 14 1947 , 6761 , 5055 ; 172[49].
[]
, (. ), . BY [50][51]. ( 30 % ). : 0,1 % ( 1 /², 1361,5 /²). , [52].
[]
[]
, , . , 1960- , , - , , . « » 30 . , , , , (. ).
. -, , (, , ) , , . -, , , , ( -)[53]. , , , .
, . , [54]. 2001 (.) , , . . , ( « »), (« »). , , -, .
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, . . -, , , , . , , , [55].
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, . . , , . : , ( - () ()), - () , , . . , , ( .-. στὴρ πλανήτης ). , , .
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, , , (. ). XVI .
, , . 1128 [58]. 1610 . , , . , -, , , . . , , , [59].
. 1672 , , . 24. , 140 .
XIX (. Pietro Angelo Secchi), , , , . , , . , .
. 1848 , . ; , ; , , [60]. XIX , (1853) [61], , (« »). 20 , , 15 [60]. , ́ . , [60].
XX . , [62]. 1920 , , , () -4. , , , E = mc2, [63]. , , 1925 . 1930- . , [64][65]. , 1957 « »[66], , , .
1905 (. George Ellery Hale) - , , . , , , , . , .
[]
. , , , , ( , , , . .) . . , , , , , .
«-2» 1957 . 1 120 Å, [67]. 1959 «-1» «-2», [68][69][70].
1970- «-I» «-II» (. Helios). , , 40 . . , , , , [71][16].
1973 Apollo Telescope Mount (.) Skylab. . , , , .
1980 NASA Solar Maximum Mission (.) (SolarMax), , - . - . 1984 STS-41C «» . , 1989 , [72]. , 0,01 %.
«Yohkoh» (. よこ ::, « »), 1991 , . , , . «» 2001 , . 2005 [73].
SOHO (SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory), NASA. 2 1995 SOHO (2009). , 11 2010 , SDO (Solar Dynamics Observatory)[74]. SOHO ( , ) . SOHO , , [75].
. 1990 «» . , . 9 1994 . , . , 750 /, , , , [76].
, . , , Genesis. 2004 , - . , .
22 2006 Hinode (Solar-B). ISAS, Yohkoh (Solar-A) : SOT , XRT EIS . Hinode [77].
2009 «-» «»[78]. , , HeII 304 A. «» ( ), .
11 2010 - Atlas V. SDO (Solar Dynamic Observatory)[79].
[]
, , . , , , . , ( ). , . , 46 . , .
, 400 000 . , , . ( ), . , . . , .
[]
[80]. - . , , , «538 . 16 , »[81].
- , () . , , , , . ( ), 12 . , - , [82]. ( , , ), . , . , . , . , , . , [83][84].
2 5 , [85][86]. 237 , 160 , 63 , 14 [87]. , . , XI XVIII 159 0,5 3 (11.08.1124, 20.03.1140 7.06.1415)[88]. 19 1887 . 26 1827 . 0,96 9 1945 . 16 2126 .
, ( 1996 SOHO (. Solar and Heliospheric Observatory )). 18 1868 . [89]. 1882 , 17 , , [90].
[]
, . . , , 1000 [91], [92]. , , , , ( 35 °C ), , [93].
. [94]. , [95]. [94], . , , . , , . , , [96].
, , . 0,1 4 . 0,3 1,5-2 . ( 0,3 ) , 20-60 . - [97]. 1 1367 /² ( ). 20002004 [98], , 341 /²[99][100] 1,74×1017 ( 2,3×1010 ).
, ( - ), 3001200 / ( ), , « » ( ). , , [101]. , , . , , .
. , D[102]. [103]. - , , . , , . , , , [104].
[]
[]
, . , [105]. [106], , , . ( ) . , - , , , () , () .
, , ( rì), 阳 ( ). , nht thái dương , . , , , [107].
[]
, sol. , sol «» , , , , , , . Sol ( ) , [108][109]. sol « ». , , .
[]
2002 , 6 ( )[110]. « (Piers van der Meer), ». [111]. , . . ( ), . - .
«Weekly World News» , [112].
[]
«» , , , (±50 ), (±12 %), (±1 ) . .[113]
[]
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