Ñïåíñåð (çàëèâ)
Ñïåíñåð (àíãë. Spencer Gulf) â çàëèâ â þæíîé ÷àñòè Àâñòðàëèè, îìûâàþùèé áåðåã øòàòà Þæíàÿ Àâñòðàëèÿ è îáúåäèí¸ííûé ñ âîäàìè Áîëüøîãî Àâñòðàëèéñêîãî çàëèâà. Äëèíà çàëèâà Ñïåíñåð ñîñòàâëÿåò 322 êì, à øèðèíà ïðè âõîäå â çàëèâ â 129 êì.  çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè çàëèâ îìûâàåò ïîëóîñòðîâ Ýéð (Eyre), à â âîñòî÷íîé â ïîëóîñòðîâ Éîðê, êîòîðûé îòäåëÿåò åãî îò íåáîëüøîãî çàëèâà Ñâ. Âèíñåíòà. Íà áåðåãó çàëèâà Ñïåíñåð ðàñïîëîæåíû òàêèå ãîðîäà, êàê Óàéàëëà, Ïîðò-Ïèðè è Ïîðò-Îãàñòà.
Ñîäåðæàíèå |
[ïðàâèòü] Èñòîðèÿ
Çàëèâ ïîëó÷èë ñâî¸ íàçâàíèå â 1802 ãîäó è íàçâàí òàê ïóòåøåñòâåííèêîì Ìýòüþ Ôëèíäåðñîì â ÷åñòü Äæîðäæà Äæîíà Ñïåíñåðà, ïðåäêà Äèàíû, ïðèíöåññû Óýëüñêîé. Äðóãîå èñòîðè÷åñêîå íàçâàíèå çàëèâà â çàëèâ Áîíàïàðòà.
Çàëèâ Ñïåíñåð áûë âïåðâûå èññëåäîâàí Ýäâàðäîì Äæîíîì Ýéðîì â 1839 è 1840â1841 ãîäàõ. Ïåðâûå åâðîïåéñêèå ïîñåëåíèÿ ñòàëè ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ íà áåðåãàõ, îìûâàåìûõ çàëèâîì, â êîíöå 1840-õ ãîäîâ.
[ïðàâèòü] Ôàóíà
Êàæäóþ çèìó (þæíîãî ïîëóøàðèÿ) â çàëèâå Ñïåíñåð, íåäàëåêî îò ãîðîäà Óàéàëëà, ñîáèðàþòñÿ ãèãàíòñêèå àâñòðàëèéñêèå êàðàêàòèöû äëÿ ñâîèõ áðà÷íûõ èãð.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòî çðåëèùå ñäåëàëî çàëèâ äîñòîïðèìå÷àòåëüíîñòüþ äëÿ ëþáèòåëåé ïîäâîäíîãî ïëàâàíèÿ[1][2][3].
Ïîëþáèëèñü ýòè ãîëîâîíîãèå ñîçäàíèÿ è æèâóùèì â çàëèâå áóòûëêîíîñûì äåëüôèíàì, êîòîðûå íàó÷èëèñü âûæèìàòü èç êàðàêàòèö èõ «÷åðíèëà» è âûíèìàòü «êîñòî÷êó» ïåðåä óïîòðåáëåíèåì èõ â ïèùó[4].
Çàëèâ òàêæå èçâåñòåí öåííîé ðûáîé â ðîçîâûì ïàãðîì (Australasian snapper, Pagrus auratus)[5].
[ïðàâèòü] Íàðîäíîõîçÿéñòâåííîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå
Íà çàëèâå ôóíêöèîíèðóåò ðÿä ïîðòîâ. Äåéñòâóåò ïàðîìíîå ñîîáùåíèå ìåæäó ã. Óîëëàðó (Wallaroo) íà ïîëóîñòðîâå Éîðê (âîñòî÷íûé áåðåã çàëèâà) è ïðèñòàíüþ Ëàêè-Áåé ó ïîñ¸ëêà Êàóýëë (Cowell) íà ïîëóîñòðîâå Ýéð (çàïàäíûé áåðåã)[6].
Ãîðíîäîáûâàþùàÿ êîìïàíèÿ BHP Billiton, êîòîðàÿ ïëàíèðóåò äàëüíåéøåå ðàñøèðåíèå ñâîèõ óðàíîâûõ ðóäíèêîâ (êàðüåðîâ) Îëèìïèê-Äýì (Olympic Dam), â íåñêîëüêèõ ñîòíÿõ êèëîìåòðàõ ê ñåâåðó îò çàëèâà, ïëàíèðóåò ïîñòðîèòü êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûå âîäîçàáîðíûå ñîîðóæåíèÿ è çàâîä äëÿ îïðåñíåíèÿ âîäû ó ñåâåðíîé îêîíå÷íîñòè çàëèâà (ãîðîä Óàéàëëà), è ìàãèñòðàëüíûé âîäîïðîâîä îòòóäà ê ñâîåìó êàðüåðó. Ïî ïðîåêòó, çàâîä áóäåò åæåäíåâíî çàáèðàòü 360 òûñÿ÷ ì³ âîäû èç çàëèâà, ïðîèçâîäÿ 180 òûñÿ÷ ì³ ïðåñíîé âîäû (120 òûñÿ÷ ì³ âîäû äëÿ íóæä ãîðíîäîáûâàþùåé êîìïàíèè, ïëþñ åù¸ 60 òûñÿ÷ ì³ âîäû äëÿ íàñåëåíèÿ ïîëóîñòðîâà Ýéð), è ñáðàñûâàÿ 180 òûñÿ÷ ì³ ðàññîëà, îñòàþùåãîñÿ ïîñëå îïðåñíåíèÿ âîäû, îáðàòíî â çàëèâ. Ýòè ïëàíû (ðàâíî êàê è ïëàíû äëÿ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà ïîäîáíûõ æå ñîîðóæåíèé íà çàëèâå Ñåíò-Âèíñåíò, äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ âîäîé Àäåëàèäû) âûçûâàþò òðåâîãó ìåñòíûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ îðãàíèçàöèé çà ñóäüáó ïîäâîäíûõ îáèòàòåëåé. Îíè îçàáî÷åíû, íå çàñîñóò ëè âîäîçàáîðíèêè ìíîæåñòâî ïëàíêòîíà (âêëþ÷àÿ ëè÷èíîê ðûá è ò. ï.), è íå ïîâðåäèò ëè ïîâûøàþùàÿñÿ ñîë¸íîñòü îñòàþùåéñÿ â çàëèâå âîäû å¸ æèòåëÿì, âêëþ÷àÿ åãî çíàìåíèòûõ ãèãàíòñêèõ êàðàêàòèö[7][8].
Ïëàíû ñòðîèòåëüñòâà â òîì æå ðàéîíå íîâîãî ãðóçîâîãî ïîðòà äëÿ íóæä òîé æå BHP Billiton, òàêæå âûçûâàþò îïàñåíèÿ çà ñóäüáó ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ òàì êàðàêàòèö[9].
[ïðàâèòü] Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ
- â‘ Cross-dressing cuttlefish to sex up tourism
- â‘ Sepia apama: the giant Australian cuttlefish
- â‘ Whyalla Cuttlefish
- â‘ Catch cuttlefish, drain off the ink, then fillet. Serves five (dolphins): Scientists stunned by mammals' elaborate culinary preparations
- â‘ Snapper Fishing
- â‘ Ferry Services across the Spencer Gulf
- â‘ Desalination and South Australiaâ™s Gulfs ecosystems. (Îïðåñíåíèå è ýêîñèñòåìû çàëèâîâ Þæíîé Àâñòðàëèè)
- â‘ Scientists oppose SA desalination plans (Ó÷åíûå ïðîòèâ âîäîîïðåñíèòåëüíûõ ïëàíîâ â Þæíîé Àâñòðàëèè). The Age, 31.05.2008
- â‘ Andrew Faulkner, Port development could scuttle giant cuttlefish: A VULNERABLE and genetically distinct population of giant cuttlefish stands in the way of the mining industryâ™s bid for a deep-sea port in South Australiaâ™s Spencer Gulf. 03.12.2007, The Australian
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