GNU Free Documentation License . .

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Wikitext-ru.svg
 .
, .
   
+
-
+/-
-/+
 ?
x
List comprehension
-
-
«hello world»
ALGOL 58 ALGOL 60
ALGOL 60:
ALGOL 68 C++
ALGOL 68:
C C++
Pascal Borland Delphi
Object Pascal C
Pascal C
Java C++
C# Java
C# Visual Basic .NET
: 

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[]

Ada C C++ C# D Eiffel Erlang Prolog F# Groovy Java JavaScript Haskell Common Lisp Nemerle Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala Smalltalk Tcl VB.NET Delphi OCaml PureBasic
+ + + + + + - - + + + + +
[1]		 + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- + +/-[2] + + + + -
[3]		 -
[3]		 + + + +
[4]		 -
[5]		 + + + + + + + + + + + + -/+
- - +/- +/- +/- +/- + + + + - +/- + + + + +/- +/- + + + + +/- -/+ + +/-
- - - [6] -/+ -  ? + + -/+ -/+ -/+ + - + -/+ +/- + + + -/+ + + -/+ -/+ -  ?
+ - + + + +/- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + -/+
- - - - - - - + - - - - +/-
[7]		 +/-
[8]		 +/- - - - -  ? +/- - - - -  ?
- - - -/+[9] -/+  ? + + + + - +/- + +[10] + -/+
[11]		 + + + + +/- - +/- - + +/-
+
[12]		 +/-
[13]		 +/-
[13]		 -/+
[14]		 - + + + - -/+ + - +
[15]		 +/- - - - -/+ -/+  ? +/-  ? - - - -
Ada C C++ C# D Eiffel Erlang Prolog F# Groovy Java JavaScript Haskell Common Lisp Nemerle Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala Smalltalk Tcl VB.NET Delphi OCaml PureBasic

[]

Ada  C  C++ C#  D  Eiffel Erlang F# Groovy Java JavaScript Haskell Common Lisp Nemerle Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala Smalltalk Tcl VB.NET Delphi OCaml PureBasic
+ + + + + + - + + + - + +/-[16] + +/-
[17]		 - - - + +/-
[18]		 - + + + +
- - - -/+
[19]		 - - + -/+[20] + - + -
[21]		 + - + + + + - + + +
[22]		 -/+
[23]		 - -
+ + + + + + -/+
[24]		 + + + - + +/-[16] + -/+
[25]		 +/- +/-
[26]		 - + +/-
[27]		 - + + + +
- - -/+ -/+[28] + - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + - + +
-/+
[29]		 + + + + + - - + - + - + + + + + +  ? + + + + - +
- + + - + - - - - -  ? - -  ? +
[30]		 + - -  ? + + + + - -/+
- + + + + - - - - - + - - + +
[31]		 + - -  ? - + + - - -/+
+ + + + + - x + - - x + +[32] + x x x x  ?  ? x - + + -/+
- - +/-
[33]		 + + - x + - - x + +/-
[34]		 + x x x x +  ? x + - + +
- - +/-
[33]		 - - - x + - - x + +/-
[34]		 + x x x x  ?  ? x  ? - + +/-
- - - + + + + x + + + x + +/-
[34]		 + x x x x +  ? x + - +  ?
- - - -  ? - x + - - x + +/-[34] + x  ? x x -  ? x  ? - +  ?
- x - + + + x + + + - + + + x + x x +  ? x + - +  ?
- x - +/-
[35]		  ? + x + - - - x + +/-  ?  ? x x +  ? x - -  ?  ?
- x - - -  ? x - - - - + + - x  ? x x +  ? x - -  ?  ?
runtime -/+
[36]		 - -/+
[37]		 + + + + + + + -/+ - + + + + + + + + + + + - -
- runtime - - -/+ +  ?  ? - + - - -/+ - + + +
[38]		 + +  ? -  ? - + + - -
Ada C C++ C# D Eiffel Erlang F# Groovy Java JavaScript Haskell Common Lisp Nemerle Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala Smalltalk Tcl VB.NET Delphi OCaml PureBasic

[] /

Ada C C++ C#  D  Eiffel Erlang F# Groovy Java JavaScript Haskell Common Lisp Nemerle Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala Smalltalk Tcl VB.NET Delphi Ocaml PureBasic
Open-source () + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[39]		 + + +
[40]		 + -
+ + + + + + -/+
[41]		 + + + + + + + + +
[42]		 + + + +
[43]		 - + + + +
Bootstrapping + + + + -  ? + + + +
[44]		 +
[45]		 + +[46] +  ? x +
[47]		 + + +
[48]		 x  ? + + +
+ + + - +  ? + + + +  ? + + -  ?  ? x x - - x +  ? + +
+/-
[49]		 -/+
[50]		 +/-
[50]		 -
[51]		 -  ? + + + - +
[52]		 + + + + + + + + +
[53]		 + + - + -
+/-
[54]		 + + + +  ? + +  ? -/+
[55]		 -/+
[56]		 + +[57] + + + x x  ? + x + + x +
Ada C C++ C# D Eiffel Erlang F# Groovy Java JavaScript Haskell Common Lisp Nemerle Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala Smalltalk Tcl VB.NET Delphi OCaml PureBasic

[]

Ada  C  C++ C#  D  Eiffel Erlang F# Groovy Java JavaScript Haskell Common Lisp Nemerle Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala Smalltalk Tcl VB.NET Delphi OCaml PureBasic
+ + + + + -/+
[58]		  ?  ? - - - +/-
[59]		 +/-
[60]		 + - - - -  ?  ? - - -/+
[61]		  ? +
+ + + + + - - - - -[62] - -[62] -[62] - - - -
[63]		 - - +
[64]		 - - + - +
+ + + +[65] + - - - - -[62] - -[62] -[62] - - - -[62] - - +
[66]		 - - + - +
-/+
[67]		 -
[68]		 -/+
[69]		 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -
[70]		 + -

[]

Ada  C  C++ C#  D  Eiffel Erlang F# Groovy Java JavaScript Haskell Common Lisp Nemerle Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala Smalltalk Tcl VB.NET Delphi OCaml PureBasic
goto + + + + + - - x - -
[71]		 - x +[72] - + +/-
[73]		 - -/+
[74]		 - -/+
[75]		 - + + - +
break + + + + + - - x + + + x +[76] + + + + + -  ? + + + +/-
[77]		 +
break + - - - + - - x + + + x +[78] + + +/-
[79]		 - + -  ? - + - x +/-[80]
try/catch + - + + + +
[81]		 + + + + + + +
[82]		 + +
[83]		 + + + + + + + + + +[84]
finally -/+
[85]		 - - + + - - + + + +
[86]		 + +
[87]		 + - - + + + + + + + -
[88]		 +[84]
else () - - - + - - + - + +
[89]		  ? + +
[90]		 - +
[91]		 - + + -  ? + + + + +[84]
 ? -  ? -  ?  ?
 - -  ?  ?  ?  ? +
 - -
[92]		  ?  ? +
[93]		  ?  ? - -  ?  ?  ?
 ? - -/+ -/+
[94]		 + -
 - +/-[95] - - - + -
[96]		 -
[97]		 -
 - + -/+
[98]		  ? - - -/+
[99]		 - +[100] +
Continuations  ? -/+[101]  ? -  ?  ?
 - -  ?  ?  ? + -[102]
 -  ?
  ? - +  ? + - -  ? +/-
[103]		  ?
(oroutines) - - - - - + + -  ? +/-
[104]		 - + +/-[105] - +
[106]		  ? +/-
[107]		  ?  ? + + - - +/-[108] -

[]

Ada  C  C++ C#  D  Eiffel Erlang F# Groovy Java JavaScript Haskell Common Lisp Nemerle Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala Smalltalk VB.NET Delphi OCaml PureBasic
- - +/-
[109]		 +/-
[110]		 +/- + + + + - - + + + + - + + + + +/-
[110]		 - + -
-/+
[111]		 - - -  ?  ? x
[112]		 +  ? - x
[112]		 + x
[112]		 + x
[112]		 x
[112]		 x
[112]		 x
[112]		  ? x
[112]		 - -/+
[111]		 + -
 ? + + + +  ? - + + +/- +/- +
[113]		 + + +/- +/- +/- +/-  ?  ? + + + +
 ? -[114] + +/- +  ? - +/-  ? +/-[115] +/- - +  ? +/- +/- +/- +/-  ?  ? + +  ? +
 ? - +
[116]		 + +  ? - + + +/-[117] + +[118] + + + + + +  ?  ? + +/- + +
 ? - +/-
[119]		 + + + x +  ? + x
[120]		 +
[113]		 + + x
[120]		 x
[120]		 +  ?  ?  ? + + +
[121]		 -
foreach +/-
[122]		 - +
[123]		 + + - +/-
[124]		 + + + +
[125]		 + +
[126]		 + + + + + + + + + + +
List comprehensions - - - -/+
[127]		 - - + + - - - + +[128] +  ? - +  ? + + + - +/- -
- - - +
[129]		 +  ? + + + +
[130]		 - + + +
[129]		 + +/-
[131]		 + + +
[132]		 + +
[129]		 - +
[133]		 -
+ - - - -  ? - - - - - - +[134] - -
[135]		 - -  ? -  ? - + - -

[] -

Ada  C  C++ C#  D  Eiffel Erlang F# Groovy Java JavaScript Haskell Common Lisp Nemerle Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala Smalltalk VB.NET Delphi OCaml PureBasic
 ? - + [136] + +  ? x +  ? +  ? x x[137] + +/-[138] + +  ?  ?  ? + + + x
- - -/+[139] -/+[140] - - x -  ? -
[141]		 - x
 + - -
[141][142]		 - -
[141]		 -
[141]		 - - - - - x
Mixins  ? - -/+[143] - +  ? x  ?  ? +
  ? x
 +  ?  ?
  ? +
[144]		 +
 + +  ? -/+[145]  ? x
 ? x -/+[146] -  ? + x - - -  ? x - - -/+ - -  ?  ? - - -  ? x
 ? x + - - + x - - -  ? x + - + - + -  ? - - - + x
 ? x -/+
[147]		 x x +
[148]		 x x  ? x  ? x +[149] x + x + x  ? x x x  ? x

[]

Ada  C  C++ C#  D  Eiffel Erlang F# Groovy Java JavaScript Haskell Common Lisp Nemerle Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala Smalltalk VB.NET Delphi OCaml PureBasic
- - - - +[150] - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - -
First class functions  ? -/+[151] +[152] + +  ? + + + - +
 + + +
 + -
 +
 + + +  ? +/-
[153]		 +  ?
 ? - +[154] +[155] +  ? + + + - +
 + +[156] +
 + +
 +/-[157]
 + + + + +/-
[153]		 + +
- - + [158] + + + + + + +[159] + + + + + +[160] + + + + + +/-
[161]		 + -
 ? - +/-
[162]		  ? -  ?  ? +  ? - - + - + -
[163]		 - +
[164]		 + +  ?  ?  ? +  ?
- - +/- [165] + - - - + - - +
 + - -
 + -
 +
 +[166] + - - - + -

[]

Ada C C++ C# D Eiffel Erlang F# Groovy Java JavaScript Haskell Common Lisp Nemerle Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala Smalltalk VB.NET Delphi Ocaml PureBasic
-/+ +
[167]		 +
[167]		 - - - -/+ - - - - +/-
[168]		 + +
 +[169] - - +/- - - +
[170]		 - -/+
[171]		 +
/Generics + - + + + + x
[172]		 + + + x
[172]		 -
[173]		 x
[172]		 + x
[172]		 x [172] x
[172]		 x
[172]		 + x
[172]		 + +
[174]		 +/-  ?
Unicode + +
[175]		 +
[176]		 + +  ? - + + + + + +[177] + +/- -/+ +
[178]		 +
[179]		 + + + + + +
+ - + + + - + + + + -/+
[180]		 + +[181] + -
[182]		 - -
[183]		 - +  ? + + + -
 ? - -  ?  ?  ?
 -  ?  ?  ?  ? +/-[184]
 +[185]
  ? +
 - -  ?  ?  ? +  ?  ? -
+ - - +
[186]		 - - - +/- + - -/+
[187]		 - +[188] + + - + + + -/+
[189]		 + -/+
[190]		 + -
+ - + +
[186]		 + - +/-
[191]		 - + - - - +[192] + +/-
[193]		 + + + + +/- + + + +
+ -/+
[194]		 +
[195]		 +/- + - + + - +/-
[196]		 + + +[197] + +/- + + + + - +/- + +  ?
- - - +/- - - + + - - - + +/-[198] + + - -
[183]		 - +  ? - - +  ?
- - - +
[199]		 + +  ? +/-
[199]		 +/- +/-
[200]		  ? +
[201]		 + +  ? - +/- +/-  ?  ? +
[199]		 - -  ?
(OpenGL/WebGL/OpenML/OpenAL DirectX)  ? + + +  ?  ?  ?  ?  ? + + +  ?  ?  ? -/+[202] +  ?  ?  ? + +  ?  ?

[]

Ada  C  C++ C#  D  Eiffel Erlang F# Groovy Java JavaScript Haskell Common Lisp Nemerle Perl PHP Python Ruby Scala Smalltalk VB.NET Delphi OCaml PureBasic
   ISO ANSI ISO ANSI ISO ISO ECMA - ISO ECMA - - - - ECMA Haskell 2010 ANSI - - - - - - ANSI - - - -

[]

  1. /Haskell. .
  2. , - . OpenGL, OpenCL, OpenMAX AL .., .
  3. 1 2 /Erlang. [1].
  4. /Javascript. .
  5. /Haskell. .
  6. c++ , Qt
  7. /Haskell. , . - Curry, Haskell .
  8. /Common Lisp. , .
  9. LINQ
  10. , , , , .
  11. /Perl. .
  12. /Ada. . Annex E. Distributed Systems.
  13. 1 2 /C C++. MPI OpenMP.
  14. /C#. , Parallel C#.
  15. /Haskell. , .   Glasgow Distributed Haskell.
  16. 1 2 ANSI , - . CL , .
  17. /Perl. 5.6. .
  18. /Smalltalk. Smalltalk  Strongtalk'.
  19. /C#. - dynamic 4.0.
  20. /F#. (?) xml?name xml.op_Dynamic("name"), .
  21. /Haskell. Data.Dynamic.
  22. /VB.NET. Option Strict.
  23. /Delphi. Variant.
  24. /Erlang. . . type test BIFs. . [2]
  25. /Perl. . Prototypes man perlsub.
  26. /Python. Python 3.0.
  27. /Smalltalk. Strongtalk.
  28. var, dynamic etc.
  29. /Ada. . 4.6 Type Conversions.
  30. /Perl. : $a = '5aa'; print $a + 0; : 5
  31. /Perl. , Perl : 1 + "2" # 3    1 . "2" # "12"
  32. DEFTYPE
  33. 1 2 /C++. C++0x [code]auto[/code] [code]decltype[/code].
  34. 1 2 3 4 /Common Lisp. Common Lisp, SBCL, .
  35. /C#. C# 4.0 .
  36. runtime/Ada. (Ada.Tags), . , , , , .
  37. runtime/++. , (typeid), .
  38. . ref isa
  39. Open-source ()/Smalltalk. Smalltalk , , ( , , , .)   . GNU Smalltalk, Squeak Strongtalk.
  40. Open-source ()/Delphi. FreePascal Lazarus.
  41. /Erlang. HiPE  High Performance Erlang. *nix-.
  42. PHP-, PHP-. , Roadsend PHP Compiler.
  43. /Smalltalk. Smalltalk  - ( ) , JIT-. . , Smalltalk MT Smalltalk/X.
  44. Bootstrapping-/Java. Java Compiler API 6.0.
  45. Narcissus.
  46. , SBCL
  47. Bootstrapping-/Python. PyPy.
  48. Bootstrapping-/Smalltalk. - Smalltalk . Smalltalk, Smalltalk  , , Squeak, Smalltalk, C . Squeak Squeak.
  49. /Ada. Business Shell (BUSH).
  50. 1 2 /C++. C++ CINT.
  51. 5.0 .
  52. Rhino Shell.
  53. GNU Smalltalk .
  54. /Ada. , , , . : Conditional Compilation , . gnatprep.
  55. /Java. ( assert) - ( , ) -ea/-enableassertion.
  56. [3].
  57. , , , . , #ifdef .[4][5]
  58. , «» , , .
  59. /Haskell. GHC Unboxed Types / Unboxed Arrays.
  60. DYNAMIC-EXTENT, .
  61. /Delphi. Delphi 2   ( Turbo Pascal) . .
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 FFI (foreign function interface)
  63.   ctypes.
  64. /Smalltalk. Smalltalk , , .
  65. unsafe + System.Runtime.InteropServices
  66. /Smalltalk. , , , . .
  67. /Ada. (.NET JVM) (AdaCL:GC). , Ada , . , .
  68. /C. . C C++ . , BoehmGC ( ).
  69. C++0x
  70. /Delphi. Delphi.NET.
  71. goto/Java. .
  72. GO. CL, , - .
  73. , . , , [6].
  74. goto/Ruby. goto , .
  75. goto/Smalltalk. goto , , goto . , proof of concept (.).
  76. RETURN. , RETURN-FROM.
  77. , Camlp4 http://code.google.com/p/ocaml-break-continue/
  78. RETURN-FROM
  79. , [7].
  80. ,
  81. ,
  82. Java-style try-catch handler-case. , Common Lisp . . (restarts), «»
  83. eval
  84. 1 2 3 PBOSL
  85. finally/Ada. finally , , finally. , proof of concept (.).
  86. MDN  MDC
  87. UNWIND-PROTECT
  88. camlp4 http://bluestorm.info/camlp4/dev/try/pa_tryfinally.ml.html
  89. catch
  90. Java-style try-catch handler-case. , Common Lisp . . (restarts), «»
  91. eval or {}
  92. Runops::Resume
  93. retry [8]
  94. yield return, LINQ, FCL 4.0 Lazy.
  95. Seq-, Lazy F#.
  96. ,
  98. /Ruby. , .
  99. Linq.
  100. Lazy Ocaml.
  101. setcontext et al. (UNIX System V and GNU libc)
  102. , cl-cont
  103. - http://okmij.org/ftp/Computation/Continuations.html#caml-shift
  104. /Java. Java 1.1.
  105. .
  106. [9]
  107. /Python. Stackless Python.
  108. , Lwt
  109. /C++. ( TR1 ( ), boost). , C++0x
  110. 1 2 /.NET. System.Tuple<T,...> FCL 4.0.
  111. 1 2 /Ada Delphi. .
  112. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 .
  113. 1 2 /Haskell. Data.Array.
  114. /C. « » , , realloc.
  115. /Java. java.util.Vector ( ).
  116. map unordered_map
  117. /Java. java.util.HashMap ( ).
  118. /Haskell. Data.Map
  119. /++. , STL, std::vector, std::array at .
  120. 1 2 3 /Perl, PHP JavaScript. , .
  121. /Ocaml. -unsafe
  122. foreach/Ada. Iterate Reverse_Iterate , Ada.Containers.
  123. foreach/C++. C++11 for(auto x : some_array){}  , for(auto& x : some_array){}  .
  124. foreach/Erlang. foreach/3 lists.
  125. foreach/JavaScript. 1.6[10].
  126. foreach/Lisp. LOOP . « » .
  127. List comprehensions/C#. «Query Comprehension» List Comprehension .
  128. LOOP et al.
  129. 1 2 3 /.NET. System.Numerics.BigInteger, FCL 4.0.
  130. /Java. BigInteger BigDecimal.
  131. PHP , , [11] .
  132. /Scala. BigInteger BigDecimal.
  133. /OCaml. Num Big_int.
  134. : (INTEGER 0 9) 0 9
  135. /Perl. Tie::Scalar.
  137. CLOS.
  138. -. . [12]
  139. Visitor()
  140. dynamic
  141. 1 2 3 4
  142. (?) Perl 6
  143. _()#.D0.AD.D0.BC.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.8F.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F
  144. /
  145. implements. . 10-7 10-8 Object Pascal Guide.
  146. c++, , , using,  
  148.   ( ), (, )
  149. CLHS: Section 4.3.5
  150. Functions  D Programming Language 2.0  Digital Mars
  152. std::function c++0x
  153. 1 2 Delphi2009, .   .
  154. C++0x. - C++0x
  155. 2.0. C# 3.0 .
  156. LAMBDA
  158. lambda- c++0x ,
  160. 5.3
  161. Delphi2009, .
  162. boost::bind, std::bind1st, std::bind2nd
  163. , Sub::Curry Sub::Curried
  164. functools.partial Python 2.5
  165. lambda- c++0x
  166. Proc#curry, Ruby 1.9
  167. 1 2 /C. C.
  168. /Haskell. Template Haskell  , GHC.
  169. [13], , C/C++ Filter::cpp
  170. Visual Studio ( Express Edition)
  171. camlp4
  172. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 .
  173. Generics/Haskell. , .
  174. Generics/Delphi. Delphi 2009.
  175. Unicode /C. gcc 4.2
  176. Unicode /C++. MS, MSVS++ 2005 gcc 4.2
  178. Unicode /Python. Python 3.0.
  179. Unicode /Ruby. Ruby 1.9.
  180. /JavaScript. , .
  182. [14].
  183. 1 2 /Python. PEAK-rules.
  184. implicit-parameters
  185. DEFVAR DEFPARAMETER, SPECIAL, .
  186. 1 2 /C#. C# 4.0.
  187. /JavaScript. , : f ({param1: "value1", param2: "value2"}).
  188. «&key» .
  189. /Smalltalk. :::  , , : 1 : 2 : 3. , , .
  190. /Delphi: OLE: Word.Openfile(filename='1.doc')
  191. /Erlang. .
  192. «&key» «&optional»
  193. /Perl. , . [15].
  194. /. gcc , . [16].
  195. /++. lambda- c++0x
  196. /Java. () , , .
  197. C LABELS
  198. DESTRUCTURING-BIND EQL .
  199. 1 2 3 Code Contracts FCL 4.0.
  200. /Java. Java 5, OVal AspectJ, iContract [17] .
  201. /Haskell. QuickCheck.
  202. OpenGL php  phpOpenGL project ( Github)

[]

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, eval. .

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(. ). / ( /), . .

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, , . : 1 «2»  3, «12».   , (boolean).

[]

( ) , . , typedef . using C# - .

[]

, . , , +. ..

[]

, . , , +. .

[] -

- generic-, .

[]

. . -, .

[]

(aka generic types). constraints type classes -.

[]

- type parameters. (, ). , +/-.

[]

type constructors ( Scala). . Towards Equal Rights for Higher-kinded Types

[] runtime

runtime.

[] - runtime

runtime , generic-. generic-, -. runtime ( erasure), -.

[] /

[] Open-source ()

open-source (   ). open-source , , +/- -/+.

[]

byte- JIT-. (, C), , +.

[] Bootstrapping

bootstrapping- ( , , , ). bootstrapping-, , +/- -/+.

[]

. , x ().

[]

. .

[]

/ (, #if #endif C++)

[]

[]

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