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Battle of the Coral Sea (.)
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-, Kōsō Abe (.)., 11 5500 . , Sadamichi Kajioka (.)., 6 . Abe 4 , , 10 [19]. - 5333 , , [20].
Kiyohide Shima (.).. , , 6 , 400 . : Ѹ, 4 . . Kuninori Marumo (.)., , Kamikawa Maru (.). . 3 4 , -[22]. Inoue MO Kashima (.)., 4 [23].
Gotō 28 , -. Marumo 29 -, . Shima 30 [24].
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- U.S. carrier aircraft numbers by ship the morning of May 7: Lexington- 35 SBD dive bombers, 12 TBD torpedo bombers, 19 F4F-3 fighters; Yorktown- 35 SBD, 10 TBD, 17 F4F-3 (Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 190).
- The smaller warships included five minesweepers, 2 minelayers, 2 subchasers, and three gunboats. Japanese carrier aircraft numbers by ship: Shōkaku- 21 Aichi D3A Type 99 «kanbaku» dive bombers, 19 Nakajima B5N Type 97 «kankō» torpedo bombers, 18 A6M2 Zero fighters; Zuikaku- 21 kankō, 22 kanbaku, 20 Zeros; Shōhō- 6 kankō, 4 Mitsubishi A5M Type 96 fighters, 8 Zeros (Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 188; Millot, p. 154.) Cressman (p.93) states Shōhō carried 13 fighters without specifying how many of which type. Lundstroms numbers are used in this article.
- Wilmott (1983), p. 286; Crave, p. 449; Gillison, pp. 518519. Yorktown lost 16 and Lexington lost 51 aircraft, including 33 SBDs, 13 TBDs, and 21 F4Fs. One Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) PBY maritime patrol aircraft was lost on May 4 and another on May 6 (Gillison). One B-17 from the 40th Reconnaisance Squadron returning from a bombing mission ran out of fuel on May 7 and crashed and was destroyed. That loss is not recorded in the total aircraft lost. (Salecker, p.181)
- Carrier aircrew deaths were: Yorktown-14, Lexington-21. Warship crew deaths were: Lexington-216, Yorktown-40, Sims-178, Neosho-175, and Chicago-2 (Phillips; ONI, pp. 25-45). The crews of the two RAAF PBYs totalled about 10 men.
- Lundstrom, Guadalcanal Campaign, p.92; Wilmott (1983), p.286; Millot, p.160. Breakdown of carrier aircraft losses: 19 Zeros, 19 kanbaku, and 31 kankō. Millot adds that two Kawanishi H6K maritime patrol, five Mitsubishi G4M (Type 1) bombers, three smaller seaplanes, and 87 carrier aircraft were destroyed.
- Breakdown of deaths: Carrier aircrew-90, Shōhō-631, Shōkaku-108, Tulagi invasion force-87, and approximately 50 killed in the destroyed H6K, Type 1, and smaller seaplanes (Peattie, pp. 174175; Gill, p. 44; Tully, «IJN Shoho» and «IJN Shokaku»).
- Parker, p. 3, Millot, pp. 12-13.
- Murray, pp. 169195; Willmott (1982), p. 435; Willmott (2002), pp. 3-8; Millot, pp. 12-13; Henry, p. 14; Morison, p. 6.
- United States Army Center of Military History (USACMH) (Vol II), p. 127; Parker, p. 5; Frank, pp. 21-22; Willmott (1983), pp. 52-53, Willmott (2002), pp. 10-13; Hayashi, pp. 42-43; Dull, p. 122125; Millot, pp. 24-27; DAlbas, pp. 92-93; Henry, pp. 14-15; Morison, p. 10; Parshall, pp. 27-29. The Senshi Sōshō does not mention Inoues role in the decision to invade Port Moresby, only stating it was a product of an agreement between the IJN and IJA in January 1942 (Bullard, p. 49).
- Gill, p. 39, Hoyt, pp. 8-9; Willmott (1983), p. 84; Willmott (2002), pp. 12-13 & 16-17; Hayashi, pp. 42-43 & 50-51; Dull, pp. 122125; Millot, pp. 27-31; Lundstrom (2006), p. 138; Bullard, p. 50; Parshall, pp. 27-29 & 31-32. The IJA and IJN agreed to wait until the planned operation to occupy Midway and the Aleutians was completed before attacking Fiji and Samoa (Hayashi, p. 50). The Senshi Sōshō states IJN troops were also to seize Samarai Island to secure the China Strait through the Louisiades (Bullard, p. 56).
- Jersey, p. 57, Willmott (2002), pp. 16-17, Dull, pp. 122124; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 121122; DAlbas, p. 94; Morison, p. 11; Parshall, pp. 57-59. The carrier Kaga was originally assigned to the MO operation but was replaced by the 5th Carrier Division on April 12 after Inoue complained that one fleet carrier was not sufficient (Lundstrom and Parshall).
- Parker, pp. 20-22; Willmott, (2002), pp. 21-22; Parshall, p. 60. For unknown reasons, the IJN postponed making their scheduled cipher change of the RO code from April 1 to May 1 to May 27, 1942 (Wilmott, pp. 21-22; Lundstrom (2006), p. 119). The U.S.-operated Fleet Radio Units in Washington, DC, Pearl Harbor, and, with the Australians, at Melbourne (Prados, pp. 300303).
- Prados, p. 301.
- Parker, p. 24; Prados, pp. 302303; Hoyt, p. 7; Willmott (2002), pp. 22-25; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 167; Cressman, p. 83; Millot, pp. 31-32; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 121122, 125, & 128129; Henry, pp. 14-15; Holmes, pp. 69-72; Morison, pp. 11-13; Parshall, pp. 60-61; Crave, p. 447. The British radio interception station was at Colombo on Ceylon (Lundstrom). The U.S. mistakenly believed (in part due to erroneous transliteration of the characters of her name) that Shōhō was a previously unknown fleet carrier, Ryūkaku, with 84 aircraft (Holmes, p. 70). A Japanese prisoner captured at the Battle of Midway informed the U.S. of the correct reading of the carriers kanji and identified her as actually a light carrier (Lundstrom and Morison, p. 11). The Japanese apparently had not developed cipher codes for several of the islands in the Louisiade Archipelago and thus transmitted the island names in Katakana in the clear, making it easier for the Americans to decipher the meaning of the messages (Holmes, p. 65). According to Parker (pp. 22-23), MacArthur refused to believe the radio intelligence forecasts of the MO operation and did not acknowledge that the Japanese were attempting to invade Port Moresby until his reconnaisance aircraft actually sighted Japanese ships approaching the Louisiades and New Guinea in the first week of May.
- Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 135153, 163167, Willmott (2002), pp. 25-26; Hoyt, pp. 15-19; Cressman, pp. 83-84; Millot, pp. 32-34; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 126127; Henry, p. 15. Lexington had returned to Pearl Harbor on March 26, 1942 after operating in the Coral Sea with Yorktown and departed on April 15 to deliver 14 United States Marine Corps Brewster Buffalo fighters and pilots to Palmyra Atoll. After the delivery, on April 18, TF11 was ordered to head for Fiji and then towards New Caledonia to rendezvous with TF17 (Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, pp. 135 & 163166). Halsey was to take command of all three task forces once TF16 arrived in the Coral Sea area (Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 167). TF17 consisted of Yorktown, cruisers Astoria, Chester, and Portland, plus the destroyers Hammann, Anderson, Perkins, Morris, Russell, and Sims and oilers Neosho and Tippecanoe. Yorktowns captain was Elliott Buckmaster. TF11 included the cruisers Minneapolis and New Orleans plus destroyers Phelps, Dewey, Aylwin, and Monaghan (Wilmott 1983, p. 189). TF16 departed Pearl Harbor on April 30 (Lundstrom).
- Willmott (1983), pp. 185186.
- Willmott (2002), pp. 25-26; Lundstrom (2006), p. 139; Spector, p. 157.
- Hashimoto (1954), p. 54; Hackett and Kingsepp «RO-33» and «RO-34».
- Bullard, p. 65, Hoyt, p. 8, Dull, pp. 124125; DAlbas, p. 110; Gill, p. 42; Jersey, p. 58; Hayashi, pp. 50-51; Lundstrom (2006), p. 138; Cressman, p. 93; DAlbas, p. 94; Bullard, p. 147; Rottman, p 84. The South Seas Detachment was commanded by Major General Tomitarō Horii (United States Army Center of Military History (USACMH) (Vol 1), p. 47). Rottman states that the South Seas Detachment included 4,886 total troops including the 55th Infantry Group and 144th Infantry Regiment from the 55th Division, 47th Field Anti-Aircraft Battalion, and attached medical and water supply support units. Senshi Sōshō only lists nine transports by name (Bullard, pp. 56-57).
- McCarthy, pp. 82, 112; Willmott (1983), p. 143. McCarthy does not give exact numbers, but states that 1,000 troops, including an infantry battalion, were at Port Moresby in December 1941 and that two more battalions arrived the next month. Willmott (p. 143) states that 4,250 troops were delivered on January 3, 1942 bringing the Port Moresby garrison to three infantry battalions, one field artillery battalion, and a battery of anti-aircraft guns.
- USACMH (Vol 1), p. 48.
- Jersey, pp. 58-60; Dull, p. 124.
- Millot, p. 37; Lundstrom (2006), p. 147.
- Hoyt, p. 7, Dull, pp. 124125; Wilmott (2002), p. 38; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 188; Lundstrom (2006), p. 143. One of Shōhṓs Zeros ditched in the ocean on 2 May and the pilot, Tamura Shunichi, was killed. Lundstrom (2006) states that the seaplane base on Santa Isabel was at Thousand Ships Bay, not Rekata Bay (p. 138) as reported in other sources.
- Tully, «IJN Shokaku»; Gill, pp. 40-41; Dull, pp. 124125; Millot, pp. 31 & 150; Lundstrom (2006), p. 138 & 145; DAlbas, p. 94; Gillison, p. 526; Willmott (1983), pp. 210211. The Carrier Strike Force was originally tasked with conducting surprise air raids on Allied air bases at Coen, Cooktown, and Townsville, Australia but the raids were later cancelled by Inoue as Takagis carriers approached the Solomons (Lundstrom).
- Gill, p. 40; Wilmott (2002), p. 39; Cressman, pp. 84-86; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 139 & 144; Hashimoto (1954), p. 54; Morison, p. 22; Hackett and Kingsepp «RO-33» and «RO-34». Fletcher detached destroyers :USS and :USS to look for the submarine. The two ships returned the next morning (May 3) without making contact with the sub (Lundstrom 2006, p. 144). :Ship, along with I-21, was assigned to scout around Nouméa during the MO operation (Hackett, «IJN Submarine I-28»).
- Morison, p. 20.
- Office of Naval Intelligence (ONL), p. 3; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 167; Cressman, p. 84; Woolridge, p. 37; Millot, pp. 41-43; Pelvin; Dull, p. 126; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 141144. TF44s destroyers were :USS, :USS, and :USS. Chicago and Perkins sortied from Nouméa with the rest from Australia. TF44 was formerly known as the ANZAC Squadron and was assigned to MacArthurs command under U.S. Rear Admiral Herbert Fairfax Leary (Lundstrom (2006), p. 133; Morison, p. 15; Gill, p. 34). Crace was senior in time in rank to Fletcher, but the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board assented to a request from King that Allied naval carrier forces in the area operate under the command of a U.S. flag officer (Lundstrom (2006), p. 133). The two oilers carried a total of :Convert/oilbbl. TF11 and TF17 together burned about :Convert/oilbbl/d at normal cruising speed (:Convert/kn) (Lundstrom (2006), p. 135). The destroyer :USS accompanied Tippecanoe to Efate (ONI, p. 11).
- Jersey, p. 60; Wilmott (2002), p. 38; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 144145; DAlbas, pp. 95-96; Hata, p. 58.
- Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 168; Dull, pp. 126127; Jersey, p. 62; Cressman, p. 86; Gill, p. 43; Hoyt, p. 20; Parker, p. 27; Millot, pp. 43-45; Lundstrom (2006), pp. 144146. The order to maintain radio silence was to help conceal the presence of the forces from the enemy. Cressman states that Shimas force was sighted by Australia-based U.S. Army aircraft from Darwin, Glencurry, and Townsville (Cressman, p. 84), but Lundstrom says that the sighting was most likely by a coastwatcher in the Solomons. Morison (p. 24) speculates that Fitch should have tried to inform Fletcher of his status via an aircraft-delivered message.
- Lundstrom (2006), pp. 146149; Brown, p. 62, Hoyt, pp. 21-31; Lundstrom, Pearl Harbor to Midway, p. 168178; Jersey, p. 63; Cressman, p. 87-94; Millot, pp. 45-51; Dull, pp. 127128; Morison, pp. 25-28; Nevitt, «IJN Kikuzuki»; Hackett, «IJN Seaplane Tender Kiyokawa Maru». Yorktowns operational aircraft for this days action consisted of 18 F4F-3 Wildcat fighters, 30 SBD-3 dive bombers, and 12 TBD-1 torpedo planes (Lundstrom and Cressman).
- Lundstrom (2006), p. 147; DAlbas, p. 96. U.S. Army and RAAF aircraft sighted Gotō's ships several times during May 4. Gillison (p. 518) states that an RAAF PBY, commanded by Flying Officer Nomran, which was shadowing Gotō reported that it was under attack and disappeared.
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