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- Drinkwater, John, e Hugh Elton, Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity?, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-52933-6, pp. 172174.
- MacGeorge, Penny, Late Roman Warlords, Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-925244-0.
- OFlynn, John Michael, Generalissimos of the Western Roman Empire, University of Alberta, 1983, ISBN 0-88864-031-5, pp. 110111, 124125.
