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Haji Muhammad Soeharto
2-
12 1967   21 1998
-: 1) (1967-1972)
2) IX (1972-1977)
3) (1978-1983)
4) (1983-1988)
5) (1988-1993)
6)  (.). (1993-1998)
(1998)
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:
14-
28 1966   28 1973
:
:
:  (.).
4-
1969   28 1973
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:  (.).
8-
1965   1967
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:  (.).
16-
7 1992   20 1995
:
:
 
:
:
: ,
: 8  1921(1921-06-08)
. , , , , -
: 27  2008(2008-01-27) (86 )
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: « »,
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: 3 3
 
: 19401976
: - (1966)
« » (1997)
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́ ́ ́ (Suharto (.)) (. Haji Muhammad Soeharto, Haji Muhammad Suharto, . Haji Muhammad Soeharto) (8 1921,   27 2008, )  . - (1966); 1997 « » (. Jenderal Besar). 1966 ,  (.). , , 1967 1968 , 1968 1998 . , . 1974 1998 «». 1992 1995 .

[]

,  (.).[1], «» , . « » (. Su . Harto , ́, .. «»). «» 1991 , «». , : Soeharto , 1970- , «» «», Suharto .

, , , , ́ (. Pak Harto) «Pak» ( , ) . (. Smiling General, . Sang Jenderal yang Tersenyum)[2].

[]

8 1921  (.)., () , ( ). 15 [3]. -. . (. Kertosudiro) , , . , (. Sukirah) V [4] .

. , , , , , [5].  (.). , , , [5].

, (. Kromodiryo)[6]. , . , . 1929 . , (. Prawirowihardjo)  (.).[6]. , [7].

, . «Sekolah Rakjat»  (.)., «» . , , (. dukun ). , [3].

1939 , , « » (. Volksbank)  (.)., - , [8]. , (. Kortverband) - , , , , [9].

[]

[]

: -

1 1940 [10]. (. Fort Cochius) , 120 . XIII ,  (.)., . . . 1941 , (. Kaderschool), [11].

[]

1942 , , , , , . , . 1 1942 , [9]. , (. Keibuho) [12].

1943 (. Pembela Tanah Air, PETA « »). PETA , (. Shodancho). , , «» ( , ). [13]. .. (. O.E.Roeder) « » (. The Smiling General) , , . , (. Nakamoto Yoshiyuki) , [14].

1944  (.). (. Wates) , . , 1944 (. Chudancho). 1944 1945 ,  (.).. 1945  (.). (. Brebeg). 15 , , , . .

[]

:
. 1947 .

17 1945 ; , - . , 18 , , , , , , 22 « » () (. Badan Keamanan Rakjat) 5 « » () (. Tentara Nasional Indonesia)[15]. (. Oemar Slamet). . ; (  (.).) [16].

, , 9- , (. Soedarsono). , , 10- , [15]. 19 49- . , . . 1945  (.).  (.). [17].

12 .  (.).. , , . 16 , , , , , . 18 1945 , , , 3- ( ) 9- [18].

1946 9- , , 5- 3- . 12 1946 «» (. Tijger) , , . 17 «» , . ; [19].

1946 , , . ; « » (. Persatoean Perdjoangan), . 27 1946 « » , . 3- (. Joesoef): , . 3- (. Oemar Djoy) , , [19]. 3 , . - ; - [19].

1946 22- ( ) 3- , (. Bambang Soegeng). 1946 .  (.). «: » (. Suharto: A Political Biography) , , [20].

21 1947 ,  (.).. 4 , .

 (.). ,  (.)., , 3- ( ) 10- . 1948 ,  (.). , , .

19 1948 , , . , ,  (.). , , [20].

. 10- : , , , (. Menoreh), . Wehrkreise III, .

1948-1949 , 29 1948 , 9 1949 , 1949 1949 . 1948 1949 44 152 . 1 1949 (. Serangan Umum) ; [21]. .

, , IX 3- (. Bambang Sugeng). .

7 1949  (.)., [22]. , , , , , . , , (. Wonosari) , 10- .

, 27 1949 , 10- , , 3- .

[] 1950-

3- . 1950 3- ,  (.).[23]. , , , 1998 - , .

1951 «» (. Pragola),  (.)., . , 426- «» , « » (.).. 1952 . ; 1957 , [24].

1956  (.)., . 1957 , , , . 1958 [25].

1950-  (.). c (.)., . , (. Joga Sugama), (. Sudjono Humardani) (. Ali Murtopo), (. Jajasan), . , , . 1959 35 381 935 ( 786 265 )[26].

(. Sunarjo Tirtonegoro), . (. Sungkono) . . 14 1959 ,  (.).. , , [22].

. , , (. Suwarto), , , . 17 1960 « » (. Territorial Warfare as conception of Indonesian defence).

[]

1961 (. Tjadangan Umum Angkatan Darat (TJADUAD)) . 1963 (. Komando Strategis Angkatan Darat (KOSTRAD)). KOSTRAD, « » (. Jajasan Kesedjahteraan Sosial Darma Putra[27]), , , . «Mandala Airlines» (.).( 1969 ) « » (. Windu Kentjana, 1967 , )  (.)., . « »[3][28].

19 1961 , - , [3]. 2 1962 «» (. Komando Mandala), - . . «» , -. «» , ( «» . Operasi Djajawidjaja),  (.). 20 . , 1963 -  (.)., , . 1 1962  (.)., 1 1963 , ( -) , [29] .

1964 , « ». , . 1965 , , « » (. Komando Mandala Siaga (KOLAGA)). « » .  (.)., , , , . 1964- 1965  (.). [30].

[] 30 1965

: 30 ,
- (, ) , « 30 ». 5 1965

30 1 1965 30 , , « 30 »,[31] . ( ) , , , , ; , . (. Medan Merdeka ) ; 1 , . [32][33].

1 , KOSTRAD, . 1 , , . " 30 " , [34]. , , [35]. (. Halim), , .[36]. « 30 » , .

2 [35][36]. , 30 . , , . , .

,  (.).. , , [37]. [38][39][40][41], [42].

2 . 1 «» (.). (. Kopkamtib, . Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban ), [43]. 1966 . , [44][45].

1 1966 -, [46]. 11 1966 , «» (.). (. Supersemar, . Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret 11 ), « »[45]. 12 1967 () ,  (.).[47]; [48]. 27 1968 [49].

[]

. 1968

, , [50]. « » (.). (. Orde Baru), « » . , , , «»[48][51][52].

, . , . «» (. Badan Kordinasi Intelijen Negara (BAKIN)). , ,  (.). (. Badan Urusan Logistik (BULOG)).

. , , , . ; , 1965 , . , 1965 , 1990 . 1967 [53]. [3].

1965 « » (. Sekber Golkar, . Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya ; «» (. Golkar, . Golongan Karya ) , ; 1974 «» [3] .

1967 , « » , , , . ,  (.).[54]. , 1967 [55].

1968 , . , , , [56]. , .

1969 , -  (.)., . , « » (.). (. Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat, (PEPERA)), , , . , , [57].

. 1970

1970- , 1965 . , 1997 , . , [3][53]. , , 1990- , [58].

1970 , . , . , ; . .

1973 , , , [5]. () «»; «» . « » , , , .

1975 , , ; 1999 , . , , , 90 , 200 [59][60].

1976 « » (.). (. Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM)) . , [61]. ; 1990 .

5 1980 , , , , « » (.). (. Petisi 50), « » . , , . .

1983 « » (. Bapak Penbangunan)

« » , , (. Yayasan) . , [62]. , , , [3].

1988 - ()[53].

, 14 1998 .
, , . 11 1993

1991  (.). , IMET (.).. 1993 , [63]. , , , , [64][65].

1996 « ». (. Suryadi). , ; , .

[]

1997 . , . , . , , [3][66].

. , 1998
. - . 21 1998 , «»,

1998 . 1998  (.). , . 21 1998  (.). , - , [3][66][67].

«

, , . , 8 1945 , , , , 21 1998 .

 »

( .)

[]

. , «Time», 15 . 9 , , , . 36 000 ² , 100 000 ² , 40 % . Transparency International, 15 35 [68].

29 2000 . 2000 571 . , , - . 2002 , - .

, - . - , [69][70]. 2006 [71][72]. 9 2007 . , . (440 1,1 )[73]. 20 , . . - - .

4 2008 «» (. Pertamina)[74]. 8 , , , , . 11 , , , , , [75]. 11-12 , . 23 - - [76]. 27 ; 13:10 [77][78].

[]

. : , , , . : , .

1947 (. Siti Hartinah), (. Madam Tien), ,  (.).. 50 , 1996 [3]. :

  1.  (.). (. Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana, (. Tutut); . 1949 )
  2. (. Sigit Harjojudanto; . 1951 )
  3. (. Bambang Trihatmodjo; . 1953 )
  4.  (.). (. Siti Hediati Hariyadi, (. Titiek); . 1959 )
  5.  (.). (. Hutomo Mandala Putra, (. Tommy), . 1962 ; 2002 15 )
  6. (. Siti Hutami Endang Adiningish, (. Mamiek), . 1964 ).

[]

1993 « » (.). (. Museum Purna Bhakti Pertiwi), [79].

[]

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