Òàíàìè
Òàíàìè (àíãë. Tanami) â êàìåíèñòî-ïåñ÷àíàÿ ïóñòûíÿ íà ñåâåðå Àâñòðàëèè. Ïëîùàäü â 292 194 êì²[1][2]. Ïóñòûíÿ áûëà ïîñëåäíèì ðóáåæîì Ñåâåðíîé òåððèòîðèè è áûëà ìàëî èññëåäîâàíà åâðîïåéöàìè âïëîòü äî XX âåêà.
Ñîäåðæàíèå |
[ïðàâèòü] Ãåîãðàôèÿ
Ïóñòûíÿ Òàíàìè çàíèìàåò òåððèòîðèþ öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Ñåâåðíîé òåððèòîðèè Àâñòðàëèè è íåáîëüøîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Çàïàäíîé Àâñòðàëèè. Ê þãî-âîñòîêó îò ïóñòûíè ðàñïîëîæåí íàñåë¸ííûé ïóíêò Àëèñ-Ñïðèíãñ, à ê çàïàäó â Áîëüøàÿ Ïåñ÷àíàÿ ïóñòûíÿ.
Ïóñòûíÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé òèïè÷íóþ äëÿ öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíîâ Àâñòðàëèè ïóñòûííóþ ñòåïü ñ îáøèðíûìè ïåñ÷àíûìè ðàâíèíàìè, êîòîðûå ïîêðûòû çëàêàìè ðîäà Triodia[3]. Îñíîâíûìè ôîðìàìè ðåëüåôà ÿâëÿþòñÿ äþíû è ïåñ÷àíûå ðàâíèíû, à òàêæå ìåëêèå âîäíûå áàññåéíû ðåêè Ëýíäåð, â êîòîðûõ âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ÿìû ñ âîäîé, ïåðåñûõàþùèå áîëîòà è ñîë¸íûå îç¸ðà[3].
Êëèìàò â ïóñòûíå ïîëóïóñòûííûé. 75â80 % îñàäêîâ âûïàäàåò â ëåòíèå ìåñÿöû (îêòÿáðü-ìàðò)[4]. Ñðåäíåãîäîâîå êîëè÷åñòâî îñàäêîâ â ðàéîíå Òàíàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò 429,7 ìì, ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ áîëüøîé ïàëëåòíûé öèôðîé äëÿ ïóñòûííîé ìåñòíîñòè. Íî èç-çà âûñîêèõ òåìïåðàòóð âûïàâøèé äîæäü áûñòðî èñïàðÿåòñÿ, ïîýòîìó ìåñòíûé êëèìàò ÿâëÿåòñÿ î÷åíü çàñóøëèâûì. Ñðåäíåäíåâíàÿ íîðìà èñïàðåíèé â 7,6 ìì. Ñðåäíÿÿ äíåâíàÿ òåìïåðàòóðà â ëåòíèå ìåñÿöû (îêòÿáðüâìàðò) ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 36â38 °C, íî÷íàÿ â 20â22 °C[5]. Òåìïåðàòóðà çèìíèõ ìåñÿöåâ íàìíîãî íèæå: äíåâíàÿ â îêîëî 25 °C, íî÷íàÿ â íèæå 10 °C[5].
 àïðåëå 2007 ãîäà íà òåððèòîðèè ïóñòûíè áûëà ñîçäàíà îõðàíÿåìàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ àáîðèãåíîâ Ñåâåðíûé Òàíàìè (àíãë. Indigenous Protected Area Northern Tanami), ïëîùàäü êîòîðîé ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 4 ìëí ãà[6].  íåé îáèòàåò áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî óÿçâèìûõ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ìåñòíîé ôëîðû è ôàóíû[6].
[ïðàâèòü] Èñòîðèÿ
Ïåðâûì åâðîïåéöåì, äîáðàâøèìñÿ äî ïóñòûíè, ñòàë èññëåäîâàòåëü Äæåôôðè Ðàéàí (àíãë. Geoff Ryan), ñäåëàâøèé ýòî â 1856 ãîäó[7]. Îäíàêî ïåðâûì åâðîïåéöåì, èññëåäîâàâøèì Òàíàìè, áûë Àëëàí Äýâèäñîí (àíãë. Allan Davidson). Âî âðåìÿ ñâîåé ýêñïåäèöèè â 1900 ãîäó îí îòêðûë è íàí¸ñ íà êàðòó ìåñòíûå ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ çîëîòà[8].
[ïðàâèòü] Íàñåëåíèå
 ðàéîíå ïðîæèâàåò íåáîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî íàñåëåíèÿ, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûìè êëèìàòè÷åñêèìè óñëîâèÿìè. Òðàäèöèîííûìè æèòåëÿìè Òàíàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ àâñòðàëèéñêèå àáîðèãåíû, à èìåííî: ïëåìåíà âàëðïèðè (àíãë. Warlpiri) è ãóðèíäæè (àíãë. Gurindji)[6], êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ çåìåëüíûìè ñîáñòâåííèêàìè áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ïóñòûíè[4]. Íàèáîëåå êðóïíûå ïîñåëåíèÿ â Òåííàíò-Êðèê (àíãë. Tennant Creek) è Âàó÷îóï (àíãë. Wauchope).
 ïóñòûíå âåä¸òñÿ äîáû÷à çîëîòà[4].  ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ðàçâèâàåòñÿ òóðèçì.
[ïðàâèòü] Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ
- â‘ Australian Government. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Refugia for Biological Diversity in Arid and Semi-arid Australia. Tanami. (àíãë.). Àðõèâèðîâàíî èç ïåðâîèñòî÷íèêà 18 ôåâðàëÿ 2012. Ïðîâåðåíî 30 èþëÿ 2008.
- â‘ Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008. Tanami Desert. (àíãë.). Ïðîâåðåíî 30 èþëÿ 2008.
- â‘ 1 2 Aussie Heritage. Tanami Desert Wildlife Sanctuary (former). (àíãë.). Àðõèâèðîâàíî èç ïåðâîèñòî÷íèêà 18 ôåâðàëÿ 2012. Ïðîâåðåíî 30 èþëÿ 2008.
- â‘ 1 2 3 Australian Government. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Rangelands - Overview. Tanami. (àíãë.). Àðõèâèðîâàíî èç ïåðâîèñòî÷íèêà 18 ôåâðàëÿ 2012. Ïðîâåðåíî 30 èþëÿ 2008.
- â‘ 1 2 Outback Australia Travel Guide. The Tanami Desert, Australia. (àíãë.). Àðõèâèðîâàíî èç ïåðâîèñòî÷íèêà 18 ôåâðàëÿ 2012. Ïðîâåðåíî 30 èþëÿ 2008.
- â‘ 1 2 3 Australian Government. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Northern Tanami - Indigenous Protected Area. (àíãë.). Àðõèâèðîâàíî èç ïåðâîèñòî÷íèêà 18 ôåâðàëÿ 2012. Ïðîâåðåíî 30 èþëÿ 2008.
- â‘ Local Government of Northern Territory. Central Desert Shire Council Business Plan. (àíãë.) (PDF). Àðõèâèðîâàíî èç ïåðâîèñòî÷íèêà 18 ôåâðàëÿ 2012. Ïðîâåðåíî 30 èþëÿ 2008.
- â‘ Australia Lesson Activities - History. The Tanami Track - Early Explorers. (àíãë.) (September 23, 2001). Àðõèâèðîâàíî èç ïåðâîèñòî÷íèêà 18 ôåâðàëÿ 2012. Ïðîâåðåíî 30 èþëÿ 2008.
[ïðàâèòü] Ññûëêè
- Caring for biodiversity in the Tanami
- Northern Tanami
- Australian Government. Biodiversity Assessment â Tanami
