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́[1] ́[2] (. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien; [dʒɒn ˈrɒnld ˈruːəl ˈtɒlkiːn]; 3 1892 2 1973 ) , , , «, », « » «».
(19251945), (19451959). , . . «». 28 1972 II.
, , «». «» « » , , , . 19511955 «» (. Legendarium).
, - «» -, , , « »[3].
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[]
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, . (ˈtɒlkiːn) (), XVIII , « »[4]. «Tolkien» «Tollkiehn» (. tollkühn, « »). , .
[]
3 1892 , ( , ). , (18571895), , ( ) (18701904), . 17 1894 , .
. , , , [6].
1896 . , . : . , (. Sarehole), . , - . , , ( -) , [6]. . . , , , .
[7], , . , , . , « » « » , « » , , [6] « » . 1904 , 34- [8]; , , . , .
. . 1900 (King Edwards School), , , , . , «» . (St. Philips School) .
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1911 (.). (. ) (. Rob Gilson), (. Geoffrey Smith) (. Christopher Wiseman)[9] , « » (. T.C.B.S., Tea Club and Barrovian Society). , , (. Barrow), , [6]. , , 1914 .
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1908 , .
, . , , 21 , . , . [7].
, , 21 , , . , , , . , , [6]. , [6].
1913 , 22 1916 , . . . 56 3 : (1917), (1920), (1924), (1929).
| John Benjamin Tolkien 18071896 |
Mary Jane Stow 1834? |
John Suffield, Jr. 1833 (1834?)1930 |
Emily Jane Sparrow 1838? |
? | ? | ? | ? | ||||||||||||||
| Arthur Reuel Tolkien 18571895 |
Mabel Suffield 18701904 |
? | Frances (Fanny, Fannie) Bratt 18591904 |
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| John Ronald Reuel Tolkien 18921973 |
Edith Bratt 18891971 |
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, (« »), , . : , 1922 - , ( 30 ) .
(. Middle-Earth), «». , , , «», 1937 . «» , ; 1954 , .
[]
1914 . , . , 1915 . [11]. 11- 13- (. Cannock Chase). « , , », [12]. 4 1916 11- , , . The Lonely Isle (« »)[13]. : « . »[14].
, (. Battle of Thiepval Ridge) (. Schwaben Redoubt). (. John Garth):
John Garth, Tolkien and the Great War, pages 9495.
27 1916 , , . . (. Mervyn S. Evers), :
(. Brigade Machine Gun Officer) , . , . , , , , , . , . , , , .Quoted in John Garth, Tolkien and the Great War, p. 200.
8 1916 [15]. , , . , , , :
, , , , 1914- , 1939- . 1918- .The Lord of the Rings. Preface to the Second Edition.
[]
(. Little Haywood) « » (. The Book of Lost Tales), « » (. The Fall of Gondolin). 1917 1918 , , . , (. John Francis Reuel Tolkien).
-- (. Kingston upon Hull), , (. Roos), . 1971 , :
Letters, №. 340.
« »[19].
[]
[20][21]. 1939 [20][21]. [20][21]. , [22] , , , [20][21]. [20][21].
2009 « » , 500 [22].
. . . . № 96.
1945 - (. Merton College) 1959-. (. University College Dublin). 1954 ( ).
« », 1966 [23].
[]
1971 .
1972 , . . 28 1973 , . 30 , , . , , . , . , , 2 1973 [24].
. :
[]
, . . : , ; . , , [25]. : « , , , , , . , ».
« » , . , . 52 , «» (365-52*7=1) . . .
[]
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- 1925 « » ( E.B. )
- 1937 «, » / The Hobbit or There and Back Again . . , . . « ».
- 1945 « » / Leaf by Niggle
- 1945 « » / The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun
- 1949 « » / Farmer Giles of Ham
- 1953 « , » / The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelms Son ()
- 19541955 « » / The Lord of the Rings. , 1970- . . , , 19541955 , 1960- .
- 1962 « » / The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book ( ).
- 1967 « » / The Road Goes Ever On ( )
- 1967 « » / Smith of Wootton Major
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- 1976 « » / The Father Christmas Letters
- 1977 «» / The Silmarillion
- 1980 « » / Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth
- 1983 « » / The Monsters And The Critics And Others Esseys
- 19831996 « » / The History of Middle-earth 12-
- 1997 « » / Tales from the Perilous Realm
- 1998 «» / The Roverandom
- 2007 « » / The Children of Húrin
- 2009 « » / The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun
[]
XX XXI . , , , , . , , . , .
« » , (1978) / (1980), 20012003 « », 3 [26]. «» (1977). 2012 , , «: », «: ». , The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth MMORPG . , Blind Guardian, Battlelore, Summoning, «Hobbitshire», .
, , [27], [28], [29], [30]. [31].
. , , , , « , , », «, , -, -». «» «», , , , -[32]. « » «»[33], : « , »[34].
[] ,
:
- (2675) Tolkien[35];
- Leucothoe tolkieni -- ( )[36];
- Gabrius tolkieni Schillhammer, 1997 ( (Khandbari, Induwa Khola Valley))[37];
- Tolkienia Acastidae (Phacopida)[38].
, , [39].
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- 1970- $ 16 000 (, « »)[40]
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- 1957 International Fantasy Award « » (Fiction) « » (The Lord of the Rings) (1955)
- 1974 Hugo Award. «» « » (Gandalf Award «Grand Master of Fantasy»)
- 1978 Locus Award « » (Fantasy Novel) «» (The Silmarillion) (1977)
- 1978 Hugo Award. «» « » (Gandalf Award «Book-Length Fantasy») «» (The Silmarillion) (1977)
- 1979 Balrog Awards. (Professional Achievement)
- 1981 Balrog Awards «/» (Collection/Anthology) « » (Unfinishied Tales of Numenor and Middle-earth) (1980)
- 1981 Mythopoeic Awards « » « » (Unfinishied Tales of Numenor and Middle-earth) (1980)
- 1989 Mythopoeic Awards « » «The Return of the Shadow (The History of The Lord of the Rings. Part I)» (1988)
- 1990 « ()» « » (The Two Towers) (1954)
- 1991 « ()» « » (The Lord of the Rings) (1955)
- 2000 Mythopoeic Awards « » «» (Roverandom) (1998)
- 2002 Deutscher Phantastik Preis « »
- 2003 Mythopoeic Awards « » «Beowulf and the Critics» (2002)
- 2009 Mythopoeic Awards « » «The History of The Hobbit» (2007)
- 2009 Prometheus Awards. (Hall of Fame) « » (The Lord of the Rings) (1955)
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- 2002 USC Scripter Award « : » ( , , )
- 2003 USC Scripter Award « : » ( , , , )
- 2004 USC Scripter Award « : » ( , , )
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- . . . , , , , ( . . . ), . . . «» , . The Eagle and Child.
[] .
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- , ́.
- ( , ) ́. 17 1972 : « ( ) Tolkein. , , -» («I am nearly always written to as Tolkein (not by you): I do not know why, since it is pronounced by me always -keen». «The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien», № 347).
- , . . . . : .
- 1 2 Carpenter, Humphrey and Tolkien, Christopher (eds.) The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981. ISBN 0-395-31555-7
- (.) Birmingham.gov.uk
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 . .
- 1 2 , JRR Tolkien Biography. (2002). 22 2011. 19 2008.
- .
- , «» : , , «. ». , , .
- :
- Biography, pp. 77-85.
- Tolkien and the Great War, page 94.
- Garth, John. Tolkien and the Great War, Boston, Houghton Mifflin 2003, pp. 89, 138, 147.
- Quoted in John Garth, Tolkien and the Great War, p. 138.
- Biography, p. 93.
- Garth, John. Tolkien and the Great War, Boston, Houghton Mifflin 2003, pp. 207 et seq.
- Tolkiens Webley .455 service revolver was put on display in 2006 as part of a Battle of the Somme exhibition in the Imperial War Museum, London. (See Personal Stories: John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. Battle of the Somme. Imperial War Museum. 22 2011. 28 2009.) Several of his service records, mostly dealing with his health problems, can be seen at the National Archives. (Officer's service record: J R R Tolkien. First World War. National Archives. 22 2011. 28 2009.)
- Following rural English usage, Tolkien used the name «hemlock» for various plants with white flowers in umbels, resembling hemlock (Conium maculatum); the flowers among which Edith danced were more probably cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris) or wild carrot (Daucus carota). See John Garth, Tolkien and the Great War (Harper Collins/Houghton Mifflin 2003), and Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall, & Edmund Weiner, The Ring of Words (OUP 2006). (.)
- Cater, Bill. We talked of love, death, and fairy tales, UK Telegraph (12 April 2001). 13 2006.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Letters, no. 35 (see also editorial note).
- 1 2 3 4 5 The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide. HarperCollins, 2006. Vol. 2. P. 224, 226, 232. ISBN 978-0618391134
- 1 2 JRR Tolkien trained as British spy, London: 'Daily Telegraph' (16 September 2009). 17 2009.
- Rogerson, John. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible, 2001.
- , . « . . . », 7, . 3
- . . . . , «Cellar door» (« »)
- All-Time Box Office: World-wide
- Barnesandnoble.com interview with Robert Jordan: In the first hundred pages of THE EYE OF THE WORLD I did try to invoke a Tolkienesque feel. But after that I deliberately took off in a very different direction from Tolkien.
- .: , - , « ». .
- Terry Brooks bio
- R.A. Salvatores interview: getting The Lord of the Rings trilogy as a Christmas present was a turning point for me. Tolkien, more than anything else, turned me on to reading, and tuned me back into an imagination that had been lost early on in my educational experience.
- « »
- Fantasy and revolution: an interview with China Miéville
- Pullman: Trivializing Tolkien
- AN INTERVIEW WITH PHILIP PULLMAN
- 9 2010 .
- . . 1990. (Amphipoda, Crustacea) - . . . 124, . 27-104.
- Schillhammer H. 1997. Taxonomic revision of the Oriental species of Gabrius Stephens (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) // Monographs on Coleoptera. Vol. 1. P. 1-139. . 36.
- Lieberman B.S., Kloc G.J. Evolutionary and biogeographic patterns in the Asteropyginae (Trilobita, Devonian) Delo, 1935 // Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 232, 1997, P. 1-127. . 21, Comura.
- , ,
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- . . . . . . .: -, 2002. 432 ISBN 5-04-008886-8.
- M. . . . « » // « , , !»: . . . .: , 2006, . 75-95.
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