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Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga
Kingdom of Tonga

: 19°4608 . . 174°3725 . . / 19.768889° . . 174.623611° . . (G) (O)
: «Ko e ʻOtua mo Tonga ko hoku tofiʻa
( )»
: «Ko e fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo e ʻOtu Tonga»
LocationTonga.png
4 1970 ( )
,

-		 VI
' '


 % .		 189-
748 ²
4%

(2009)
120 898 . (188-)
162 ./²

   (2008)
  
548,1  $ (212-)
4600 $

(TOP, 153)
- .to
+676
+13

́ (. Tonga, . Tonga [ˈtoŋa]),   ́ ́ (. Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga, . Kingdom of Tonga)  . ,   ,   .   419 . 172 . 748 ².   119 009 . (2008, ).   .

1616 . 1900 . . 1970 .   , .

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Tonga «»[1]. , - , , . «»[2][3].

1773 « » (. Friendly Islands)[1].

[] -

[]

, . , , 1770  - , , 690  - , [4].   , - , , - () .

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24 1972 , , 15 . . . , .

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, , , . , . . [7]. : 30 . 3 [9].

35 [10]. 515  , . 5 , [11]. 1960 . : 1030  [12]. , , . . , , , 2006 , , 1995 280  43 [13][14].

, , . , , . , , , . , 9 , 1,6  100400 [15][16].

. ( )[17]. 2008 , , [18][19].

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, , - [20]. [21]. ׸ : . , , ,   . , , 250  [20]. : , , . - [21]. - ,   . :   2500  ( ),   ( 1700  )[22]. , , 1733 ,   1689 ,   2185 [23]. 1970 [20].

26 °C 23 °C . () 2526 °C, ()  2124 °C[20]. , , . , 11 1979 , +35 °C, , 8 1994 ,  +8,7 °C[22]. - , [23]. () .

, . [20]. ( ), . , , [22].

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( ) . , [24]. : , , . , [24].

, , . . , / [9]. , , . . , . 9 , [9].

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, , ;   [26].

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( : )

, . , , . . , , [27]. [28].

770 , 70 ( , Dryopteris macroptera Cyathea rugosula), ( , Podocarpus pallidus,  ) 698 (   )[29]. . , , 340 ,   107 [28].

. 12 ( ) 2 , [27]. , , .

. : , , 23 [28]. 73 , 2 : Pachycephala jacquinoti, , Megapodius pritchardii, [30]. , .

( ) [31].

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: , , , [32][33]. , , [34].


(²)
(²)
(2006 )
Vavau 194 119 15 485
Niuas 75 72 1 652
Tongatapu 266 261 71 260
Haapai 126 110 7 572
'Eua 87 87 5 165
748 649 101 134

6 , , , , [35]. 2 : [36]. 7 : , , , , , [37]. 6 : , , , , - [38]. 2 : - -[39].

[]

[]

[40].
( . .) 1961 2003 .
119 009 (2008, )
159 ./²
: 21,8
: 21,3
: 22,3 (2008)
0-14: 33,7
15-64: 62
64: 4,3 (2008)
23 % (1996)
2,5  (2008)
1,669 % (2008)
1000
 : 11,88 
: 13,07 
: 10,63  (2008)
1000
 : 5,12  (2008)

, 1921 . , (, 1891 )[41]. 1956 ( 2006 ).

2006 ( ), 101 991 [42]. 2008 , , 119 009 [5]. : 1,669 % 2008 [5]. 2006 4,3 % 1996 , 4207 ( 0,4 %)[43].

: , , , . 2006 , 72 045 (70,6 %). 15 505 (15,2 %),   7570 (7,4 %),   5026 (4,9 %),   1665 (1,9 %)[42]. (8 % 1996 ) (6 %). :   1 %,   7 %,   19 %[43]. , .

, . 2001 40 700 ( 18 % , ). (78 %) , 5 %  [44]. 2006 7580 ( 2001   7720 ), (4920 , 65 %) (1190 , 15,7 %)[45]. , : 2000   27 686 , 7,3 % , [46].   , [1].

, , , 2 %.   12 %.   8 %, ( 43 %) ( 5 %). , ( 3 %). , , , [43].

2006   277 ², 157 ² (   , 23 ²)[43]. 1996 , , .

2006 23 % ( 23 658 ). , [47]. 1996 22 400 [48]. , 5,6 %.

2006 50,8 % (51 772 .),   49,2 % (50 219 .). 15 2008   33,7 %, 15 59   62 %, 65   4,3 %, , 21,8 . , 2008 ,  67,9 ,   73,1 [5].

[]

  .
2006 , .

: 2006 97 % , , 1,6 %  . (, ) . 1996 , , [49].

2006 395 , 1996 55 [50]. 1920- , 1974 [51]. XX , , , 1990- , [52]. [51]. 2001 , , 120 , [51]. , . , [53]. 1999 40 , [54]. 2000 [55]. 2001 100 , . - , , 600 . 12 [53]. 2006 , . [56]. , , [51].

[]

Malo e lelei
? Koe ha e taimi?
? Ko hai ho hingoa?
? Fefe hake
ʻIo
ʻIkai
Malo ʻaupito

, , , , , . . XIX . 1998 96 334 [57].

. 16 : 5 11 . , - . , (, «ā»), , ,  («ʻ»).

  , 1981 690 ( )[58]. XIX , I 1862 [59][60].

1998 , 98,9 % [5].

[]

.
.

. 1797 . . 1826 [61].

2006 (38 052 , 37,3 %) (. Free Wesleyan Church). 15,6 % - , 16,8 %  , 11,4 %  (. Free church of Tonga), 7,1 %  (. Church of Tonga), 2,5 %  (. Tokaikolo Christian Church), 2,2 %  , 2,3 %  , 0,9 %  (. Constitutional Church of Tonga), 0,8 %  , 1,3 %  . 28 , , 1509 [62]. , , - , , , , . (   , - )[62].

(. Siasi Uesiliana Tauataina o Tonga)  () , . 1924 III   ( 1885 I) [61].

1837 , 1842 [63]. , 23 1842 . 13 1937 . 21 1966 [64].

1891 , . 1916 [65]. . ,   54 281 [66]. 2006 17 109 [62]. , , [67].

[68].

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[]

  [69]. I 4 1875 . Ÿ I . XIX [70].

3 115 «» , . . , . , . [71]. , « » ( « », ), / .

. 2008 5 [72], , , , , [73]. 2010 , , . , ( 9 17 ). [74]. , , :   ( )   ( )[75]. 2010 .

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.

. 32 . . ,   . , ( ) . , ( , ). , ( , - ). , ( ) . , - , , [76].

, , , , , , [77]. , , [78].

, , [79]. , . , , , [79]. . , , ( )[80]. ( )[81], [82], ( , ), [83], [84]. [83].

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[85]. ( ), [86]. (   9 ) [87]. (   17 ) [88] [87]. , [89]. [90] , [91].

, [85]. , . ( )[85]. , . , [92].

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- .

, -, , , , . . , , , . . , . . , . , , . , , , , [93].

, [94]. [95].

, . , , . , [96].

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(. Privy Council), (. Court of Appeal), (. Supreme Court), (. Magistrate's Court) (. Land Court)[97].

, . , , , . , : . [98]. , . [99].

, [100]. , ( , )[101].

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, 21 , , ́, [104]. , , . , [105].

5 : , , , -[106]. ( 2010   ),   ( 2010   ),   , -  ( )[75][106].

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[107]. - , . , , , . (. district) (. town), (. District Officer) (. Town Officer), /[108].

: ( ), , , [109]. : , , , (( ), [110].

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: (. Human Rights and Democracy Movement), (. Paati Langafonua Tu'uloa), (. People's Democratic Party).

, , 1970- 2002 [111]. 8 2005 , 1 2005 . , 4 2007 ( ).

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:
.

, (. Tonga Defence Services). , , , [112]. (. Regular Force), (. Territorial Force) (. Reserve)[113].

: , , , , ( 1946 )[114].

2002  ( ) - ( ). ( 2007 ), , , 430 [5]. .

, [1] ( 2008 [115]).

[]

:

(. Tonga Police Force). 2000 .  420 , 4 + + . - .

, , , , [116]. , [117].

2005 2932 ( 2002   2517). :   652,   1952[118].

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.

, , . : 1855 [119]. , , , , . (). , () - () , [120].

14 1977 [121]. 1991 .   [122], .

  , , , , , , .

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, .

XIII  . . , , . , .

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1845 , , - . , - I . , , , , . 1870-1880- , , , .

1900 1970 . . 1970 .

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[123].
1 (TOP) = 100
SPARTECA,
( ) 186- (2007)
() $526 (2007, )
3,5 % (2007, )
() $5100 (2007, )
5,9 % (2007, )
33 910 (2003)
13 % (2003/04, )
,
$22 (2006)
(.) , , , ,
$139 (2006)
(.) , , , ,
.
$80,48 (2007/08)
$109,8 (2007/08)

, , : , , , . , , ( , ) [124]. , (, , , ), , , [125]. , , -[125].

2007 $526 ,   $5100[5]. 1973 1995 , - , 1,8 %. 1994 2001 2,2 %, 0,1 6,2 %, , [124]. 2007 : 3,5 %, [5].

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.

. . , 1994/1995 34 %, 2005/2006 25 %. , . [126]. , , , .

( ), , , , , , , .

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  , . [127].

, 700 ²[127]. , ( - -). .

1960- , 36 [127]. . , : , . , , , [127]. 1960- , 1975 - (. Pteria penguin), . 1993 [128].

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.

, . , , [129]. 2000 680 . 184  [5]. , , .

: «Peau Vavaʻu» ( 2004 , [130].) «Royal Tongan Airlines» ( 1985 , [131].) . , , «Air Pacific», «Air New Zealand», «Pacific Blue»[132].,   «Chathams Pacific Airlines»[133]. 2007 6 , ( ) - [5].   .

, (   «T»)[134].   [5].

[]

. :
.

: «Tonga Chronicle» (. Ko e Kalonikali Tonga) , ( 5 ,   1,5 [135].); «Times of Tonga» (. Taimi o Tonga) ( ) ( 1989 [136].); «Matangi Tonga» [137]. : «Lao moe Hia» ( ; [138].), «Ko e Kelea» ( [139].) [135].

AM- («Radio Tonga 1»), FM-: «Kool 90FM» ( ), «Radio 2000» ( ), 93FM ( ), «Radio Nukualofa» ()[137]. 2004 : (. Tonga Broadcasting Commission, , «Television Tonga» «TV Tonga 2»), «Tonfon» ( ), «Friendly Island Broadcasting Network» ( , )[137].

, , . 2007 21 46 500 . 8400 [5].

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.

. 1966 : «International Dateline Hotel»[140]. , . 2004 41 208 , 10 , 1999 : 30 949 [141]. , [142]. 2003 /, [143].,   , , , , , .

, , , , , . , .   1 . . , [144].

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(, , , ). , , , . . 2006 $ 22 ,   $ 139 [5].

2007 (32 %), (27 %), (9 %), (8 %), (5 %).   (34 %), (20 %), (10 %), (6 %), (5 %)[5].

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1980 1 .

  , 3 1967 ( ). , , , , . 7 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 , 7 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 100 .

20072008 ( 1 30 ) 109,8  ,   80,48  [5]. , , [145]. , [146].

, .

(Westpac Bank of Tonga, ANZ Bank, Malaysian Banking finance) (Tonga Development Bank)[147]. (. National Reserve Bank of Tonga), .

[]

[]

, , . , , [148]. : , (. Haa Tui), /, (. houeiki), , (. kau tua)[149]. , , [150]. 1875   , (. nōpele)[148].

, , , (. famili), , (. kainga). , ,   , . . , , , [150]. . , , , , , [151].

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XIX XX , , , , , , , , , . , , : ' (. otai) ( , , , , ).

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  • - (. lu pulu)  , .
  • - (. lu sipi)  , , .
  • - (. vai siaine)  , [152].

, . Piper methysticum. , , , , , , , , [153]. , . , , . , , , - . , . , ,   . : (. Piper methysticum),   [154][155].

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, , . , , , , . (, , ), , ( , , , )[156].

( )[157]. , , (. māʻuluʻulu) «»: , (. nafa), ), 44 , [158]. , : (. nafa), 1784 , (. lali), . , 0,9 1,2 , , , 8 , [158]. 30  , [159]. , [159]. , - (. lali faiva), (. meke)[158].

(. ʻutete), 25  3 . , [156]. (. tofua)  , ; , [156].

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, [160]. , (. heliaki): « , »[160]. , (. faiva). - (. hiva kakala)[161].

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, , (. meʻetuʻupaki), , [162]. , (. paki), , (. nafa), . , . , , , (. ʻinasi), , -, . , -[162].

( , , )[162]. (. ʻotuhaka) (. ula). , , , . , , , , . [163]. (. tauʻolunga), , , . , , [164].

, 2003 « », (. lakalaka)[165]. , ( 400 [166]), :   ,   . , , , [163], ,   ( , )[166].

(. māʻuluʻulu)  , , , , . , XIX [167]. , , . , - [168].

V 2008 9000 [169].

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, (, , , ), ( ). (. pani), (. hiko) (. lanita).

, 10-12 . . , , , . , . , , 10 «». «» [170].

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, (, ). , . , . , , , . , [170].

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--.
.

, , , ( 30 , ). (. David Burley) . (. Simon Fraser University), , « »[171]. , , , 12- -- (. Haʻamonga ʻa Maui;   « »)  [172]., 5 , 2  6 ( ). , , . , XIII - [173]. , , [174]. --. , ( ), [175]. , IV, , [173] ( 1972 [175]).

(. Muʻa), 12  , , XIII XIX ( ,   )[176]. - , -. , XIII XIX , ( , , 22 , (. langi), )[176].

[]

. :
( )

  , («'Ikale Tahi», « ») . , , ( 1987 ). 2007 , 2515 1915. , 3- . 2011 , .

1994 [177][178]. 31 1979 , 3:5[179]. 9 2001 , 0:22[179]. 5 2003 7:0[179].

1963 1984 [180]. 1984 ( -). () 1996 , , . , , 2010 () , .[181] .[182]

[]

[]

[183].
1 New Years Day
Birthday of the reigning Sovereign of Tonga;
Birthday of the Heir to the Crown of Tonga;
25 Anzac Day
Good Friday
Easter Monday
4 Emancipation Day
the Anniversary of the Coronation Day of the reigning Sovereign of

Tonga
4 Constitution Day
4 I the Anniversary of the Coronation of H.M. King George Tubou I
2526 , Christmas Day and the day immediately succeeding Christmas Day

[]

[]

[]

[186]. , . , [187]. , . , [187].

[186]. 199 , ( , )[186]. , 16, 28 61 [187]. , 14 [188] 34 [187]. 2003 32 , 23 , 342 , 21 [188].

, , , [188][189]. , , , - , , . , : , , , , , [190]. , [190].

: 2006 , 21 % 6 (33 % 9 %  )[191].

[]

, . . 1876 [192]. 1882 , 1906 [193]. , , , : 1999 , 98,9 % / [5].

6 14 . : , ( )[194].

. 1997 116 105 ,   ( )[194]. 2006 16 941 (   8958 ,   7983 ),   760 [195].

1997 41 , [194]. 2006 14 311 (   7364 ,   6947 );   999 [195]. .

14 ( 8  )[194], - (. Institute for Vocational Education and Training), (. Polytechnical Institute), (. Teacher's College), . (. Queen Salote School of Nursing) (. Tonga Police Training School)[192]. , [196].

, , , , [197].

[]

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