GNU Free Documentation License . .

()

: ,

/. , ( ). , , ( ).

, , , , , . , , , .

, , , . , , .

( - ).

[]

[kʰɔː tʰoːt kʰrap] '' . : , , . [tʰoːt] 173 .

(), . [1]. . 80 210 , 150 320 [2]. .

. , : , , , «» .

, . , , «» . , , : , ( ).

, (, ). [3] , , .

[]

, , (. laryngeal features), , . . , , , , ( , , )[4]. ( , ) ( , ). , , [5]. . :

púuc puuc ()
pùuc buuc

. , - . , . [6] , . ( : )[7]. , (breathy voice) (, )[8], [9].

[]

() . , , , . : . . , , 5; - (, [10]). (): [tə́] '', [tə̀] '', [tə] ''[11].

, , . , , , - ( «»). ( ). «» , [12]. , : H L HH.

, . , «», [13]:

  • (ma '');
  • : ( '');
  • -: ; , ( '');
  • -: ; (m '');
  • : , ( '');
  • : , , (m ' ').

, [14]. : , ( -) 12 [10].

, , . , , , - , . (, ) .

[]

(. Pitch accent). ( ) ( , ). , , «» ( ). , ( -, ) , .

[15].

[]

, [16]. ( , ), .

[]

, , / [20]. , , , , ( ). , , , [ʔ], [s].

: - ( , ). , , (, -). [21].

/ . , , .

. , , , , . - , , , , (, ), .

(Hombert, Ohala & Ewan, 1979).

[]

, . . : 施食獅史, Shī shì shí shī shǐ ' , '. ( . , , . , - ).

. , , . , (, , .) . ( ), 'X', ' X', mukádzí '', múkadzi ' '[22], òtjìhávérò '', ótjìhávérò ' '. , .

: , « » (, [23] ). , . (, [24] B[25], ).

, . , ( ) : , - . : , , . : , ( ) ( )[26].

: , . , , (, ).

[]

. , . . , hmoob: [ŋ], -b , .

( 1 , 5 ; «» ). , , . , « » ( ) 55, «» 214. .

. , , . , (), , . ( , , ). (. , ). .

, , : ˥ (), ˨ () . : ˨˩˦ , . .

[] .

[]

  1. , . ., , . . . ., : 2001, . 106
  2. Ashby, Michael, & John Maidment. Introducing Phonetic Science. Cambridge: CUP, 2005
  3. , 2001, . 100143.
  4. Bradshaw, Mary (1999). A Cross-linguistic study of consonant-tone interaction. PhD diss., Ohio State University
  5. Svantesson, Jan Olof & David House. Is Kammu a tonal language?. (SLing 2006).  (.)
  6. Lofqvist, A., & McGowan, R. S. (1992). Influence of consonantal environment on voice source aerodynamics // Journal of Phonetics, 20, pp. 93-110
  7. Bradshaw 1999, p. 141143
  8. Ohala, John J. (1974) Experimental historical phonology. In: J. M. Anderson & C. Jones (eds.), Historical linguistics II. Theory and description in phonology. Amsterdam: North Holland. pp. 353389 (.)
  9. Bradshaw 1999, p. 145.
  10. 1 2 Goddard, Cliff. (2005) The languages of East and Southeast Asia. Oxford: OUP, p. 36
  11. Ashby & Maidment 2005, p. 164
  12. , , 2001, . 465
  13. , . ., , . . . .: , 1984
  14. . ( 1975)
  15. , - - . . « : . . 1.» (., 2000).
  16. , , 2001; Ashby & Maidment, 2005
  17. Weidert, Alfons. (1987) Tibeto-Burman Tonology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
  18. -
  19. . .  // Nyelvtudományi Közlemények, Budapest. 79, 1977, 3-55.
  20. , , ; ., , (Bradshaw 1999) Thurgood, Graham (2002) Vietnamese and tonogenesis: revising the model and the analysis // Diachronica 19.2, pp. 333363
  21. Thurgood, Graham (1996) Language contact and the directionality of internal drift: the development of tones and registers in Chamic // Language 71.1, pp. 1-31
  22. Fivaz, Derek (1970) Shona morphophonemics and morphosyntax Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press, p. 23
  23. Schadeberg, Thilo (1985) Tone cases in UMbundu // Africa Linguistica X. Tervuren:. MRAC, pp. 423447
  24. Halme, Riikka (2004) A Tonal Grammar of Kwanyama. Köln: Köppe
  25. Blanchon, Jean (1998) Semantic/pragmatic conditions on the tonology of the Kongo noun-phrase // Theoretical Aspects of Bantu Tone, Hyman, L. & Kisseberth, C. (eds), Stanford, CSLI Publications, pp. 1-32
  26. Pulleyblank, Douglas (1986) Tone in Lexical Phonology. Dordrecht: Reidel

[]

  • , . . // . . . . .: , 1975, . 3-58
  • , . . .: , 1983
  • , . ., , . . . .: , 2001
  • Ashby, Michael, & John Maidment. Introducing Phonetic Science. Cambridge: CUP, 2005
  • Bao, Zhiming. (1999). The structure of tone. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Chen, Matthew Y. 2000. Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects. Cambridge: CUP
  • Fromkin, Victoria A. (ed.). (1978). Tone: A linguistic survey. New York: Academic Press.
  • Hombert, Jean-Marie, John J. Ohala & William G. Ewan (1979). Phonetic explanations for the development of tones // Language, 55, 37-58.
  • Maddieson, Ian. (1978). Universals of tone. In J. H. Greenberg (Ed.), Universals of human language: Phonology (Vol. 2). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Pike, Kenneth L. (1948). Tone languages: A technique for determining the number and type of pitch contrasts in a language, with studies in tonemic substitution and fusion. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Pulleyblank, Douglas (1986) Tone in Lexical Phonology. Dordrecht: Reidel.
  • Yip, Moira. (2002). Tone. Cambridge textbooks in linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Yip, Moira. Tone. To appear in P. de Lacy (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press  (.)