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: ,
, . .

( . translatio  ) ( ) ( ).

[]

.
. 1. (AUG), () .
. 2. - ( ). 3. , , . 4. , . 5. --. 6. -, (2). 7. - ( UAG).
. - (8) (9) .

.   . , 2 : . () , , , . , , .[1]

«», (). , , (), , , , . - --, -. , , --, (, GGU , CCA, ).

, , , , .

  •   .
  •   .
  •   (-) .

[]

:

, ( , ), . , , . AUG-  .

[]

AUG-, . . -. . 5'- 5'-. , AUG , AUG-.

  (. initiation factors, IF; eIF, . eukaryotes).

- : AUG , .


[]

.
(30S) . : , (1), IF2 (2), 30S , (3). (50S) (4), 30S , IF2 (5), (6). . 5' 3' . RBS  , SD  -, AUG  .

(30S) , , IF1, IF3, , , IF2. :

  • IF3, 30S-, (50S) , . , IF2.
  • IF2 , .
  • IF1 , -, ( ) IF2 IF3.

30S , (. RBS  ribosomt-binding site). , -, AUG, , -, - 16S . - , AUG , . , 30S- - IF2, . 50S-, . .

[]

AUG: - () - ( ).

  • (, ) 5'- , «» , AUG. 5'- ,   7-, 5'- .
  • , IRES- , , IRES ( . Internal Ribosomal Entry Site, )  , , AUG. IRES- , [2].

, , 3' 5' . .

[] -

, , , 5'- [m7G(5')ppp(5')N] 3' ()-, , , 13 (eIF), 31 . , , - . :

  1. ;
  2. - (Met-tRNAiMet);
  3. 5'-, (), ;
  4. -;
  5. -[3][4][5][6][7]
[]

  , eIF, . eIF [3][4][6][7]. eIF3, , 13 ( 800 ) , 11 Saccharomyces cerevisiae[8][9]. eIF3 40S (40S) j-, , , «» (scaffolding) b- 40S 60S (60S)[10][11]. eIF3 eIF1 eIF2/GTP/Met-tRNAiMet[12]. eIF1 40S eIF3[13][14], eIF1 eIF1 ( IF1)[15]. , eIF1, , , , .

[] C - (Met-tRNAiMet)

:

  1. tRNAiMet --;
  2. Met-tRNAiMet ;
  3. tRNAiMet eIF;
  4. eIF.

(), -- , .

() tRNAiMet, - 2'-- 64. () tRNAiMet .

[]

- . .   -- ,   -- ,   (. exit).

. (EF1a , EF-Tu  ) ( ) ()- . , - -, . (EF2 , EF-G  ) .   , - -, «» P- - ( exit). , A-.[   1089 ]

[]

  , , - -   UAG, UAA, UGA. - , , - - . RF1 RF2, , RF3, . RF1 - UAA UAG; RF-2  UAA UGA. UAA , -.

[]

, , , , .

( 3-15 % ) , [16]. , 35-45 % , 20-40 % [17]. , , , [18]. , , [19], .

, , , « » [20]. , :

  • , ;
  •   , 7-9 - , , , [21];
  • eEF1H  (. heavy), , 1. 4 (eEF1A, eEF1Bα, eEF1Bβ, eEF1Bγ) [22].

[20].

[]

  1. Spirin A.S. Ribosomes. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. 1999.
  2. Hellen C.U., Sarnow P. (2001). «Internal ribosome entry sites in eukaryotic mRNA molecules». Genes Dev. 15 (13): 1593612. DOI:10.1101/gad.891101. PMID 11445534.
  3. 1 2 Gallie D.R. (2007) «Translational control in plants and chloroplasts», In Translational Control in Biology and Medicine, pp.747-774. Edited by N. Sonenberg, J.W.B. Hershey and M.B. Mathews. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
  4. 1 2 Hinnebusch A.G., Dever T.E. and Asano K. (2007) «Mechanism of translation initiation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae», In Translational Control in Biology and Medicine, pp.225-268. Edited by N. Sonenberg, J.W.B. Hershey and M.B. Mathews. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
  5. Kapp L.D. and Lorsch J.R. (2004) «The molecular mechanics of eukaryotic translation», Annual Review of Biochemistry 73, 657704
  6. 1 2 Marintchev A. and Wagner G. (2004) «Translation initiation: structures, mechanisms and evolution», Quarterly Review of Biophysics 37, 197284
  7. 1 2 Pestova T.V., Hellen C.U. and Shatsky I.N. (2007) «The mechanism of translation initiation in eukaryotes», In Translational Control in Biology and Medicine, pp.87-128. Edited by N. Sonenberg, J.W.B. Hershey and M.B. Mathews. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
  8. Hinnebusch A.G. (2006) «eIF3: A versatile scaffold for translation initiation complexes», Trends in Biochemical Science 31, 553562
  9. Wei Z., Zhang P., Zhou Z., Cheng Z., Wan M. and Gong W. (2004) «Crystal structure of human eIF3k, the first structure of eIF3 subunits», Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, 34983-34990
  10. ElAntak L., Tzakos A.G., Locker N. and Lukavsky P.J. (2007) «Structure of eIF3b RNA recognition motif and its interaction with eIF3j: structural insights into the recruitment of eIF3b to the 40S ribosomal subunit», Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, 8165-8174
  11. Fraser C.S., Lee J.Y., Mayeur G.L., Bushell M., Doudna J.A. and Hershey J.W. (2004) «The j-subunit of human translation initiation factor eIF3 is required for the stable binding of eIF3 and its subcomplexes to 40S ribosomal subunits in vitro», Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, 8946-8956
  12. Kolupaeva V.G., Unbehaun A., Lomakin I.B., Hellen C.U.T. and Pestova T.V. (2005) «Binding of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 to ribosomal 40S subunits and its role in ribosomal dissociation and antiassociation», RNA 11, 470486
  13. Lomakin I.B., Kolupaeva V.G., Marintchev A., Wagner G. and Pestova T.V. (2003) «Position of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF1 on the 40S ribosomal subunit determined by directed hydroxyl radical probing», Genes and Development 17, 27862797
  14. Pestova T.V. and Kolupaeva V.G. (2002) «The roles of individual eukaryotic translation initiation factors in ribosomal scanning and initiation codon selection», Genes and Development 16, 181186
  15. Maag D. and Lorsch J.R. (2003) «Communication between eukaryotic translation initiation factors 1 and 1A on the yeast small ribosomal subunit», Journal of Molecular Biology 330, 917924
  16. Adesnik M., Mashio F. Segregation of specific classes of messenger RNA into free and membrane-bound polysomes // Eur. J. Biochem.  1981.  V.114.  P.271-284)
  17. Hesketh J. Translational cytoskeleton mechanism for targeted protein synthesis // Mol. Biol. Rep.  1994.  19, N.3.  P.233-244)
  18. Wolosewick J.J., Porter K.R. Microtrabecular lattice of the cytoplasmic ground substance // J. Cell Biol.  1979.  V.82.  P.114-139
  19. Heuser J (2002). «Whatever happened to the 'microtrabecular concept'?». Biol Cell 94 (9): 56196. DOI:10.1016/S0248-4900(02)00013-8. PMID 12732437.
  20. 1 2 . . іі і іі. ї, , 2001, 165.
  21. Filonenko V.V., Deutscher M.P. Evidence for similar structural organization of the multienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex in vivo and in vitro // J. Biol. Chem.  1994.  269, N.26.  P.17375-17378
  22. Janssen G.M.C., van Damme H.T.F., Kriek J. et al. The subunit structure of elongation factor 1 from Artemia. Why two alpha-chains in this complex? // J. Biol. Chem.  1994.  269, N.50.  P.31410-31417

[]

  • Kapp L.D. and Lorsch J.R. (2004) «The molecular mechanics of eukaryotic translation», Annual Review of Biochemistry 73, 657704
  • Marintchev A. and Wagner G. (2004) «Translation initiation: structures, mechanisms and evolution», Quarterly Review of Biophysics 37, 197284
  • Translational Control in Biology and Medicine (2007) Edited by N. Sonenberg, J.W.B. Hershey and M.B. Mathews. 934 pages. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press
  • Mitchell S.F. and Lorsch J.R. (2008) «Should I stay or should I go? Eukaryotic translation initiation factors 1 and 1A control start codon recognition», Journal of Biological Chemistry 283, 27345-27349
  • Acker M.G. and Lorsch J.R. (2008) «Mechanism of ribosomal subunit joining during eukaryotic translation initiation», Biochemical Society Transactions 36, 653657
  • Sonenberg N. and Hinnebusch A.G. (2009) «Regulation of translation initiation in eukaryotes: mechanisms and biological targets», Cell 136, 731745
  • Van Der Kelen K., Beyaert R., Inze D. and De Veylder L. (2009) «Translational control of eukaryotic gene expression», Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 44,143-168
  • Benelli D. and Londei P. (2009) «Begin at the beginning: evolution of translational initiation», Research in Microbiology 160, 493501
  • Schmitt E., Naveau M. and Mechulam Y. (2010) «Eukaryotic and archaeal translation initiation factor 2: A heterotrimeric tRNA carrier», FEBS Letters 584, 405412
  • Jackson R.J., Hellen C.U.T. and Pestova T.V. (2010) «The mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation and principles of its regulation», Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 113127


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