1st row: I I II I - I - |
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: 60 000 000 |
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, , , , -, , |
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́ (. Türkler, . Türk) , . 80 . - ( 90 %), .
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[]
[]
, [18]. I . . , , IX . . . ( ) - ; , [19]. : , , , , , [20].
I . . . . , IV , . 530 ( , ), 577 II [21]. , . , , , [22].
[] . .
: ( ), XIXIII . , [23].
XI . 1071 - IV , . [24]. ; , . XIXII . . , , , [25]. , , , , , , , [23][26].
XIV , XVI . [27]. , , [28]. , 1327 , . .[29]. , , .
[]
-- . 1230- . . Ѹ[30]. I 1289 , 1299 I [31], , . , XIVXV . , 1453 II , . XV XVI .[32]. - 30 % , 70 % ; .. , [33]. :
1516 I , . , , '-. I - -[35]. XIX - : " , 699 . (1299 .). , , , , , () ...[36]."
XVIII . 1821 - , 1830 . [37] , . : " . 1821, . Years later, when travellers asked about the heaps of stones, the old men would explain, 'There stood the tower of Ali Aga, and there we slew him, his harem, and his slaves'. It was hard to believe then that Greece had once contained a large population of Turkish descent, living in small communities all over the country, prosperous farmers, merchants, and officials, whose families had known no other home for years. As the Greeks said, the moon devoured them."[38]. - 18771878 . - , . . 1878 1881 . 82 . , 11 . [39]. , , -, - ( ). 1892 , « , », 70 216 [40], 24 % [39]. 1897 , 63 547 [41].
[]
- , . , - -. - 1918-1923 . [42]. .
. (), . «», .. . . 1974 , , , - . , 1983 .
[]
«» (Türk) «, »[43]. - «» «», «», - . «», « » 1190 , [36]. «» , «», . - , . . -: " : , "[44]. XX «» . «» , (. kaba türkler « »)[45]. XVIII . , «», «», «» « ?» [32]. , XIX XX , , « , , , [ epayp .] , , »[46]. .., , :
, . . «» ( , , ) , . , . , , . , , 2030- XX ., - ( -, - , - ).
, , , , , , «» (). . , «» , . - , . . , , . , , - , , . , , - , . , · , . . «», « ». , , -, . «» () «», «», [47].
.. , " «» , - . «» , , . «», « », , , [36]". - .. , «» -. 1850- . : « , , , . : , . . , ..., . . , ... . . »[48]. 1878 , « » , «», , . , , «» «» , [48].
XVII-XVIII . , - . 1729 , 1494 , 1565 1627 . , XX 90 % , 50 %, 33 %[49]. XX , , () 1908 . - , c [50]. , , , . XIX « ». (), « ». 1869 , , " , , "[51]. . 8 1876 : « »[52]. :
, , , . , . XIX , , , , " ", , , , " ". , , , [50].
(.)Turkish nationalism or, in more general terms, Turkish national identity, appeared on the historical stage very late. Certain anecdotes are often repeated which clearly highlight this lateness. Toward the end of the 19th centure, when certain members of the Young Turks who were located in Paris were asked what nation they belonged to, they would at first reply, 'We are Muslims,' and only after it was explained that Islam was a religion would they reply, 'We are Ottomans.' They would then be reminded that this was not a nation either, but it was utterly inconceivable for these youths to say that they were Turks.
:
, . , , , , , , , . , , [53].
, «» «» «»[54]. . 88 1924 : « »[55]. «» («») «» «» [54].
[]
. Türkiye Türkçesi ( ). - , 1926 «»[56].
[]
XX , (. لسان عثمانى, lisân-ı Osmânî, . Osmanlı Türkçesi, Osmanlıca), , 8090 % . XVII, XVIII ( 1015 %)[56]. [57]:
«» [57].
[]
XX ; . . , , « », 1911 : « . , ? , . , . , , , »[58].
, . C 15 1928 " (. Dil Encümeni), . 28 " (. Alfabe Encümeni), 8 12 [59]. 8 :
| «, . , . . , , , , »[60]. |
1 1928 , [59]. 29 (21 8 ) 2 . 12 1932 .
- , ( - ) [61].
2 "[62]:
[]
- . [63]
( ) - , . , , . , . , , , , , , , [64].
« » :
, , . , , -, , , : , , , , , . . - , , , , , , , , .
, , , , , , , , , , , , . (Riegler). , : ( ), , , , , , , , . , , - , , , , . . (. . .: 74), . 8081 (). 143 , , 1,670, 84, 60 % (. ) 20 % ( )[65].
[]
[]
XIII , [66]. « » , « »[67]. 1330 , - - « »[66].
XV , XVII . . , « » (1860)[68].
[]
| "Katibim (Üsküdar'a Gider iken)" | |
| - | |
- , , , [69]. ( ) , , ( ) ( ).
, . XVIII , (), 2 (-), 2 (), 7 () 5 (). ( , ) [70]. , , " , , [71]."
[]
() . XVIII ., , . ( , , ).
[] -
1974 . , , , , 1974 . , , 1974 . 2004 () .
[]
« » 1960- ., , , . . , . 1990- ., , : .
[]
[] .
[]
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Combined with the Seljuks and the immigration of Turkic tribes into the Anatolian mainland, they spread Turkish and Islamic influence in Anatolia. Unlike the Seljuks, whose language of administration was Persian, the Karamanids and other Anatolian Turkish emirates adopted spoken Turkish as their formal literary language. The Turkish language achieved widespread use in these principalities and reached its highest sophistication during the Ottoman era.
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The Turks of Greece left few traces. They disappeared suddenly and finally in the spring of 1821 unmourned and unnoticed by the rest of the world. Years later, when travellers asked about the heaps of stones, the old men would explain, 'There stood the tower of Ali Aga, and there we slew him, his harem, and his slaves'. It was hard to believe then that Greece had once contained a large population of Turkish descent, living in small communities all over the country, prosperous farmers, merchants, and officials, whose families had known no other home for years. As the Greeks said, the moon devoured them.
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