()
|
( -2) |
|
|
0,0039 |
|
|
4,144 |
|
|
1169,4 ± 2,8 |
|
|
4,296 . ² |
|
|
1,172 ± 0,35·1021 |
|
|
1,39 ± 0,16 /³ |
|
|
0,23 /² |
|
|
~0° |
|
|
0,26 |
|
|
75 (198 °C) |
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|
. , , . , 16 % . , , . , , , - . , . , ; , .
140 . , , , . , , , . «-2». 1986 . 40 % .
|
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, , , 24 1851 .[2][3] , , 18 , [4], , [5].
. 1852 [6]. « »[7]. «umbra» . II[3].
[]
266 000 , . [8]. 4,1 . , [9]. [10]. ( ) , , [11]. , , [10]. «-2» [12].
, , , , . ( ) 42 42 . [10] . «-2» 1986 , . 42 , ( , ) , . . 20072008 , 15 8 2007 19 2007 [13].
. , , 1:3 . , , , [14]. ( ) -. , (, , )[15][16].
[]
. 1,39 /3[17]. , , , , 40 % [18]. , , [9]. , [10]. , . , , , ( )[10]. , , , , , [10].
, , , , , [10]. . , , , . : , . CO2, . CO2 [10].
[18]. , ( 317 ) 54 % , 40 % ( , ). 0,24 (2,4 )[18]. , [18].
[]
, , , , [19]. ( 10 %) ( 23 %)[20]. ( ) 26 % 0° 19 % 1°. . , [21]. (, )[22] . [23]. , , - , [21]. , , , . [23]. , [21].
| (.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| , | 52.0 | ||
| , | 43.0 | ||
| , | 88.0 | ||
| Kanaloa, | 86.0 | ||
| Malingee (), - |
164.0 | ||
| Minepa, | 58.0 | ||
| , | 61.0 | ||
| , | 50.0 | ||
| , | 72.0 | ||
| 98.0 | |||
| , | 208.0 | ||
| 131.0 | |||
| , | 44.0 |
«-2» [24]. , , [22]. . 210 ( )[22][24]. [22], , , [9].
, 131 [26][27]. , , , -, [22]. , , , [9][27]. , ( 400 5 [28]).
, [22]. [30]. «-2». - -. , , [30]. , . , , , [23]. , , . [9].
[]
, , ; , , , , , [31]. , , , , [9]. , , (CO) (N2), [31]. , , ( CO N2) , [9].
, , [31]. , , [32]. ( 180 ) 3 [32]. , - , [9]. , . , [33]. , 200 . , [9].
, , [32] (, [18]). , , , [22]. (), . 176 . , [18]. [22], ( ) [30]. , , «-2».
[]
«-2», 1986 . 325 000 (202 000 )[34], 5,2 [22]. 40 % , 20 % [22]. ( ) , , , [9]. , , .
[] .
| Category:Umbriel (moon) ? |
[]
- (). 3- . .
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- Herschel, William (1798). «On the Discovery of Four Additional Satellites of the Georgium Sidus; The Retrograde Motion of Its Old Satellites Announced; And the Cause of Their Disappearance at Certain Distances from the Planet Explained». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 88 (0): 4779. DOI:10.1098/rstl.1798.0005. Bibcode: 1798RSPT...88...47H.
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- Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. 22 2011.
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- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Grundy, W. M.; Young, L.A.; Spencer, J.R.; et al. (2006). «Distributions of H2O and CO2 ices on Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon from IRTF/SpeX observations». Icarus 184 (2): 543555. DOI:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.04.016. Bibcode: 2006Icar..184..543G.
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-
- Miller, C.; Chanover, N. J. (2009). «Resolving dynamic parameters of the August 2007 Titania and Ariel occultations by Umbriel». Icarus 200 (1): 3436. DOI:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.010. Bibcode: 2009Icar..200..343M.
- (2008) «Observation of an eclipse of U-3 Titania by U-2 Umbriel on December 8, 2007 with ESO-VLT». Astronomy and Astrophysics 492: 599. DOI:10.1051/0004-6361:200810134. Bibcode: 2008A&A...492..599A.
- Tittemore, W. C.; Wisdom, J. (1990). «Tidal evolution of the Uranian satellites III. Evolution through the Miranda-Umbriel 3:1, Miranda-Ariel 5:3, and Ariel-Umbriel 2:1 mean-motion commensurabilities». Icarus 85 (2): 394443. DOI:10.1016/0019-1035(90)90125-S. Bibcode: 1990Icar...85..394T.
- Tittemore, W. C.; Wisdom, J. (1989). «Tidal Evolution of the Uranian Satellites II. An Explanation of the Anomalously High Orbital Inclination of Miranda». Icarus 7 (1): 6389. DOI:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90070-5. Bibcode: 1989Icar...78...63T.
- Malhotra, R., Dermott, S. F. (1990). «The Role of Secondary Resonances in the Orbital History of Miranda». Icarus 8 (2): 444480. DOI:10.1016/0019-1035(90)90126-T. Bibcode: 1990Icar...85..444M.
- Jacobson, R. A.; Campbell, J.K.; Taylor, A.H. and Synnott, S.P. (1992). «The masses of Uranus and its major satellites from Voyager tracking data and Earth based Uranian satellite data». The Astronomical Journal 103 (6): 206878. DOI:10.1086/116211. Bibcode: 1992AJ....103.2068J.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 (2006) «Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of medium-sized outer planet satellites and large trans-neptunian objects». Icarus 185 (1): 258273. DOI:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.005. Bibcode: 2006Icar..185..258H.
- Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters. Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Solar System Dynamics). 18 2010. 16 2011.
- Karkoschka, E. (2001). «Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope». Icarus 151: 5168. DOI:10.1006/icar.2001.6596. Bibcode: 2001Icar..151...51K.
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