GNU Free Documentation License . .

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: ,

- . , . - ()

-
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:

, , , , spoken word
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1979 , -
:

1980- -
:

R&B, --, , -, -, , , , -, -

- (. Hip-hop)  , ,   .[1] - -  .

- : «» , -,   -, . , « », .

- , «» . -   --, , , -.

[]

«-» «» , .   « »,[2] - ,   --, -, , -, . spoken word, , . , Twista Busta Rhymes , Ghostface Killah , .

«-»   «hip» () «hop» ().[3]

[]

[] 1970-

  -
: -

- 1974 .[4] - -   , , . : , . Kool Herc.[5] , , , .[6] 1970 The Sugar Hill, ,   .[7] «-» 1979 , -   «Rapper's Delight», The Sugarhill Gang.[8]

[] 80-

, «Rappers Delight», « ».[9] « » . - , .[10] Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa . 1983 Run-D.M.C. Hardcore Urban, (1984)  -.[11] -.   «-», 1980-, LL Cool J.[12] -   MTV, . , -   4-5 , .[13]

[] -

: Golden Age (-)
Eazy-E  -.

1986 1993 « -».[14] - . , , , .[15]

« ». Rolling Stone 19861999, 80- 90-.[16]

« -» . ,   . . . - «».[17] ;   « » Juice Crew Boogie Down Productions.[18]

19921993 .[19] , - -, 1991 Tim Dogg «Fuck Compton».

[] 1990-

Nas' - 90-.
: (-)

Classic Material 19931994 « », ,   - E-mu SP-1200, - .[20]

-, - ( ), , - Necro Geto Boys.[21]

« » , « ». Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) (Wu-Tang Clan), Illmatic (Nas), Buhloone Mindstate (De La Soul), Doggystyle (Snoop Dogg), Midnight Marauders (A Tribe Called Quest) Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik (OutKast).[20]

- ,   Death Row Bad Boy Records,   .

[] 2000-

, . -, MTV Coolio Gangstas Paradise[22], , . 90- Dr. Dre , «- ».

- , - , 90-, .[23] - (Jay-Z, Rick Ross), (Game, Odd Future), (Eminem, Kanye West), (Lil Wayne, T.I.).

- (, ), , R&B, (, ).

. - Strange Music Tech N9ne.[24] «», La Coka Nostra, Goondox, Army of the Pharaohs Soul Assassins.

[]

[]

: Old School (-)

Old School - ; 1979   «Rappers Delight» The Sugarhill Gang. -   , . , , . , « »; Grandmaster Flash The Furious Five, .[25] -   10 . 1983 Run-D.M.C. - -. « » «».

[]

: New School (-)

«-» -, Run-D.M.C. LL Cool J.   .[26] Run-D.M.C. (1984) Radio (1985).[27][28]

« » , - , . « », , - -. ; Beastie Boys.[29]

[] -

Ice-T  -
: -

80- (Ice-T, Schooly D) «» « » . 1982 , Ice-T «Cold Wind Madness». - , , .[30] «׸ » «Black power»-, [31].

- 1980-90- , N.W.A. Eazy-E « » .[32] 1992 , -. , Eazy-E, Ice Cube, MC Eiht 90-. , - . , , .[33] « » - , -.

[] -

: -

1980- . , (, , , ). - , -, . , - «» .[34]

- - , -. , .

Run-D.M.C., Public Enemy, Schooly D, Boogie Down Productions, - Ice-T, .[35] 80- - (Juice Crew, Kool G Rap, Masta Ace) , . 1990-, Wu-Tang Clan, Mobb Deep, Onyx, - Notorious B.I.G.[36] - Ice-T, Ice Cube Xzibit,   Master P.[36]

- , , Ill Bill, Slaine, Vinnie Paz, Demoz Apathy.

[] -

: -

80- - - -   -. -, , - .[37] «». , , , . «»   , , .

Juice Crew Kool G Rap.[38] - 90- Jay-Z (Reasonable Doubt), Raekwon (Only Built 4 Cuban Linx), Big Pun (Capital Punishment), The Notorious B.I.G. (Life After Death) AZ (Doe Or Die). , 2007 Jay-Z American Gangster.

[]

: -
Public Enemy  -.

- - The Last Poets.[39] Chuck D Public Enemy. - «The Message» ( Grandmaster Flash), KRS-One. ,   . -:

- , , , .

[]

: -

1980- - , -, - -. , -, .[40] «». - ,   The Roots, Fugees, Arrested Development, Jungle Brothers, Gym Class Heroes  . - . Digital Underground Del Tha Funkee Homosapien.

-; . , (MF Doom, Pharaohe Monch, Black Star) . -  Kanye West, Gorillaz, Tyler, The Creator  -.[41]

[] -

: -

- 1980- -, «-». - , .[42] - , , A Tribe Called Quest Gang Starr.

- - A Tribe Called Quest De La Soul.[43] Native Tongues Posse. 90- - , -.[44]

[] -

: -

-, -, -. ( ) . - (, )  , (,  . .).[45]

- Run-D.M.C., LL Cool J Beastie Boys. - 80-90-, - De La Soul, House of Pain, Vanilla Ice MC Hammer. 90- - (Diddy, Cam'ron, Craig Mack, Heavy D)   Nana, Down Low .[46]

[] -

: G-Funk

- - - --. - - , , - ( , ).

Kokane,   Dr. Dre, 1992 The Chronic, 3 .[47] - Death Row (Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg, Warren G, Tha Dogg Pound) . ,   Doggystyle (1993), RegulateG Funk Era (1994), Dogg Food (1995).

- , . , .

[]

:

1990- - , . Geto Boys Necro,   -. , , , . - ,  . .[48] -, .

«» 1994 , Gravediggaz Flatlinerz.[49] , , Eminem Tech N9ne, - (Devil's Night K.O.D. ).   Insane Clown Posse, Brotha Lynch Hug, Insane Poetry, Esham.

, , - . Black Sunday, Lo Key, Twiztid, Necro.

[]

: Dirty South ()

- 90-, , - , ; [50] , . - Master P Three 6 Mafia, 2 Live Crew. , Dirty South . «spiritual rap», The Lost Children of Babylon. 2000- OutKast,   Ludacris, T.I., Birdman, Lil Wayne.

[]

:

2000-   / -. , .[51] ,   , Dope D.O.D.

[] -

: -

- 80- .[52] -   , . «»   , «». -  « » (), - (Da Lost Boyz), (). (, ) - ; .

[]

[]

  1. Merriam-Webster
  2. .
  3. - .
  4. David Toop (1984/1991). Rap Attack II: African Rap To Global Hip Hop. New York. New York: Serpents Tail. ISBN 1-85242-243-2.
  5. Tukufu Zuberi («detective»), -, , 6, 11, -, - PBS. 24 2009 .
  6. What is Dub music
  7. The Sugar Hill Records
  8. - Syracuse University Press.
  9. - PBS
  10. Old School Hip-Hop
  11. Run-D.M.C. Allmusic
  12. LL Cool J Allmusic
  13. Rolling Stone
  14. Golden Age Allmusic
  15. Scott Till. Whiteness Visible
  16. MSNBC -
  17. RAP.RU  : - . .
  18. Top 10 diss songs
  19. Will Hodgkinson. Adventures on the wheels of steel.
  20. 1 2 Oliver Wang. Classic Material: The Hip-Hop Album Guide.  Toronto: ECW Press, 2003.  . 132.
  21. We Cant Be Stopped
  22. Gangstas Paradise: Allmusic Review
  23. Gangsta Rap': Rhyme That Pays. The Washington Post
  24. All 6s and 7s  Tech N9ne(2011)
  25. Old School Feature  «The Message»: A Classic That Almost Never Was
  26. Coyle, Jake. «Spin magazine picks Radiohead CD as best», Associated Press, published in USA Today, June 19, 2005.
    Coker, Cheo H.«Slick Rick: Behind Bars», Rolling Stone, March 9, 1995.
    Drever, Andrew. «Jungle Brothers still untamed», The Age [Australia], October 24, 2003. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.
  27. Robert Christgau Run-D.M.C.
  28. LL COOL J BROADENS FOCUS AS STAR OF RAPS SECOND GENERATION
  29. Beastiemania
  30. On Pop: Life & Style
  31. Thats the joint!: the hip-hop studies reader.Murray Forman, Mark Anthony Neal. Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-415-96919-0, 9780415969192
  32. Eazy-E Allmusic
  33. - Allmusic
  34. - Allmusic
  35. Potter, Russell A. (1995). Spectacular Vernaculars: Hip-hop and the Politics of Postmodernism. p. 130. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-2626-2.
  36. 1 2 Hardcore Rap Jump Street
  37. Mafioso Rap
  38. Mafioso Rap G-Funk.ru
  39. Political Rap Allmusic
  40. Alternative Rap Allmusic
  41. Michel, Sia (2006-09-18). «Critics' Choice: New CDs». The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-05-10..
  42. Borthwick, Stuart; Moy, Ron (2004). Popular Music Genres: An Introduction, p. 166. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1745-0.
  43. Jazz-Rap Allmusic
  44. Underground Rap Allmusic
  45. Pop-Rap Allmusic
  46. Pop-Rap Ghetto Live
  47. G-Funk Allmusic
  48. Hip Hop and Horror // Icons of Hip Hop / Hess, Mickey.  Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007.  P. 369.  ISBN 0313339031
  49. Horrorcore Hip-Hop
  50. Southern Gangsta
  51. Grime

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