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Houston
Houston montage.jpg
: 29°4546 . . 95°2259 . . / 29.762778° . . 95.383056° . . (G) (O) ()29°4546 . . 95°2259 . . / 29.762778° . . 95.383056° . . (G) (O) ()
30 1836
1836
  5 1837
965[1] ²
15[2]
▲ 2 099 451[3]  (2010)
2176 ./²
6 108 060[4]
43,8%,
23,1%,
25,6%,
6,1%,
- 1,3%[3]
(..)
(..)
(..)
UTC-6, UTC-5
713, 281, 832
http://www.houstontx.gov  (.)
()
()

́ (. Houston, : [ˈhjuːstən]; . )  . 2010 2 099 451 [3] .   ,  (.). 6 108 060 [4]. 50 , 965 ²[1] .

30 1836 5 1837 . , , . , . 1960- , 2000- .

, , , . .  (.). . ,  (.).,  (.)., , .

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:

[5]. , , « »,  , , , . «Mac Uistean», « »[6].

  «Space city», , « », « » «». - , [7]. 12 .

[]

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, 1836 26,9 ² - (.). [8]. , [8][9].

30 1836 [5][9], [9]. , - , [5][8][9]. 1837 12 , 1 500 [9]. 5 1837 ( ) , 1839 [9][10]. [9][10].

[] XIX

1873

1840 , -[11], [12]. , 1853 -[13]. 1846 .

1860 , , [14]. [10].  (.).,  (.).[15]. 1860-   -[16]. XIX ; 1890- [17].

, [17]. [17].

[]

1900 , 27 12 [18]. 526  , 8 [19].  (.). , [20][21]. 1902 1   (.).[21]. 1910 78 800 , 1900 [22]. 1914  (.)., [23].

1927

1930 , , - [24][25].

. - [26]. , , , [26]. -, , - [27].

1945  (.).[28]. 1940- , [29][30]. 1950- ( ) , , [31][32].

! 1950 , . - .

[31]

1963 - , 1973 [33]. [34], , . 1960- [22]. 1979 [35].

1980- , - [36]. 1986 «», [36]. 2,3 %[22]. C 1990- , , , .

[]

2000- [22]. 2010 7,5 % 2000 [22].

XXI , : «» (.)., «» «» . 2005 150 000 , - «»[37].

1 2004 [38], 1990 , -.

[] -

Landsat 7

[]

50 . , , . , ,   [39]. , , . , , , [40]. 15 [2],   - (38 )[41].

965 ²[1]. , 400 [42].

[]

. , . . 90   [43]: 160 ,   114[43].

«»

: 20,5 °C,   28,2 °C[44]. 90 %, 60 %[45]. - . 27 2011 , 42,8 °C[44][46]. . :

  , . , . 21,2 °C, 359 ( )[44].

. 23 1989 (-12,8 °C)[50]. 12 °C[44], 19501960- 30,6 °C[51]. 18 0 °C[43] 1 °C  3 °C. , . 35 1895 2012 [52].

[53]
, 5 5 6 7 9 10 9 9 8 8 6 5 97
[53]
, 10 10 9 8 8 8 10 9 7 7 8 9 106
[54]
14 12 12 10 10 14 13 12 10 9 10 12 136
C (/)[54]
13 13 14 14 13 11 10 9 10 11 12 12 12
56 54 56 57 69 69 56 78 92 57 54 61 92
 , °C 29,4 30,6 35,6 34,4 37,8 40,0 40,0 42,8 38,9 35,6 32,2 28,9 42,8
, °C 17,2 19,1 22,8 26,4 30,2 33,0 34,3 34,7 32,1 27,8 22,5 17,9 26,5
, °C 11,0 13,0 16,8 20,3 24,3 27,4 28,7 28,5 26,1 21,3 16,1 12,1 20,5
, °C 6,2 8,1 11,4 15,2 19,8 22,9 23,9 23,8 21,0 16,1 11,2 7,0 15,6
, °C 12,2 10 5,6 5,6 6,7 13,3 7,2 17,8 10,0 0,6 3,9 12,8 12,8
, 86 81 87 84 129 151 96 96 104 145 110 95 1265
:

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[55]. , 300 , 500 [56]. , , , . , [57]. , [58]. 3 , 1975 , 4,5 [58].

. , - (.)., , . - , - , -- (.). . , . : , [59].

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, . -  (.).[60]. , [61]. 2011 17 [62][63],   8 [63].   95 100 [64].

2000 [65],   , 2004 . , , . -[66]. 1990- : , [66].

[]

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[67],  (.).[68].   [69].

[70]: -, , , .

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:
,

[71]. , , [72]. 1991 , 1992 , 2 [73][74]. . C 2 2010 , , [72].

16 , , [75]. , 1979 , , , , , 2010 - [76][77].

[78]. [78]. 2010  (.).[79].

: , [80]. , , [81].

[]

1915 [82]. .   2-2-0 (  (.).  4-4-0 «American»)[83]. , XIX  XX . , . , 1840 [83]. : 2-1-0, 18301850 .[84], 2-2-0, .

24 1840 [85]. - (.)..   . , . [86]. .

[]

22
Fortune 500 2011 .
2 ConocoPhillips 4
5 Marathon Oil 29
7 Sysco 67
8 Enterprise GP Holdings 80
9 Plains All American Pipeline 99
14 Halliburton 144
17 Baker Hughes 170
19 Waste Management 196
20 National Oilwell Varco 202
23 Apache Corporation 206
25 KBR 242
29 CenterPoint Energy 279
32 Kinder Morgan 294
34 Enbridge Energy Partners 309
35 Calpine 349
38 Cameron International 375
39 EOG Resources 377
41 Frontier Oil 389
44 Group 1 Automotive 413
45 Targa Resources 416
46 Spectra Energy 441
48 El Paso Energy 481
:
2011
: Fortune[87]

[]

, . [88], . 23 [89].

 (.). 2010 364,6 , 5,71 % , [90][91]. 5 [90]. (23,10 %), (16,87 %) (14,52 %)[92]. 8,13 $, 50 [93]. 2012 $ 139 000[94].

, -[11].  (.). 1901 [20]. 1980- - 1980- [36], . 200 000 [95]. 80- 120 000 [95]. 22 Fortune 500.

[]

, 5 , [96][97]. - 17 , Fortune 500. [98].

CenterPoint Energy[99], , , , , , [100]. 5  [100]. Calpine 35 349 Fortune 500[87]. 91 [101]. , Channel Energy Center, , [102], , Baytown Energy Center  [103].   608 (  463 ), 842 (   782 ). Calpine[104].

[]

. 3 300 , [100]. 17,84 % [105]. 31 % (38 300 123 400)[106]. 35 000 400 [106].

235 [100]. (38,7 % ), (35,9 %) (48,4 %)[106].

[]

. - - [107]. 450 , , 55 500 [107]. 2006 7,5-  (.). (TEF) Lockheed Martin, , , «» [108][109].

-

United Space Alliance (.).[110], [111].

[]

.  (.). [112]. [112]. 2000 . . «» [113]. Wal-Mart, Kroger, H-E-B, Safeway, Grocers Supply Company, Target[114].

19 « » «»[115]. 23 , 22 [116]. 1997 84 [117].

[]

1000 , [118]. «- (.).»  , [119]. 1999  (.). , 250 , 515,5  3000 [120].

[]

[]

: ,

, 75 % [121].   5959,4 [122][123]. .   Interstate 610 (.)., [124].   Sam Houston Tollway (.). 26 2011 , - [125][126]. : Interstate 45 (.).[127] Interstate 10[128].

. Interstate 45 10[129][130]. [129][131]. 2010 57 , , -, 5 45 [132]. 7 , [132]. 2005 , «»[133].

45intoI-10 2.jpg RF - Houston West Loop South.1.jpeg Sam Houston Tollway north at IH 10.jpg RitaHoustonEvacuation.jpg
10 45 . 610, . Sam Houston Tollway 10. 2005 «».

[]

: , , Quickline

 (.). (  METRO). , . .

1979 [35]. 74 12 [134]. [135]. Quickline ( № 402), . , 1 2009 [136]. № 402 , : , [137]. 14,5 , [137]. , [137].

( METRORail, METRO, ). 1 2004 [38]. 12,1 , 16 . 2011 36 600 [138]. .  (.). («») 4-   - («»),  (.). («Ƹ»),  (.). («»), - («»)[139]. - - [140].

METRO Light Rail3.jpg Houston Metro Bus.jpg Houston METRO New Flyer DE41LFR 3586.JPG
. . Quickline.

[] /

: , - . . .

8 1969 , . [141]. 2010 40 479 569 (21 )[142]. 700 [143]. A, B, C, D, E. D, 1990 , , [141]. , [144].

1927 [145]. : - , , [145]. 1950 , 1954 [145]. 1969 - , 1971 [146]. , . 2006 200 864 [147]. [148].

1917 [149]. . [149]. [149]. , . - , , .

Amtrak.  (.). «  (.).»[150]. 2011 19 637 [151].

Terminal E.JPG HobbyAirportTerminalInside.JPG EllingtonAirportHouston.JPG Amtrak 146 GE P42DC.jpg
. . . Amtrak «».

[]

[]

« » (Houston Housing Authority  ), [152][153]. 1938 [154]. 1970- 1980- [154]. 55 000 [155]. , , , [155].

[]

1 481 760 000 [156]. ,   228 [156]. [156]: , , , , -. , , 46 [64]. 2004 , , 95 100 [64]. «Drinking Water Operations»[156].

[]

155,38 ²[157]. 2000- 14 000 [157]. 337 [158]. [158]. 16,1 % , 1000 74 000 ².

[]

CenterPoint Energy, 2,1 [100].

CenterPoint Energy, Calpine. [104]. , Channel Energy Center, , ,   608 (  463 )[102].

[]

. :

. ,   . . .  (.)., -  [159].

[]

 (.). 9,7 [160], 77 [161]. [161].

1960- , 1970- 1980-, 24 29 150 . 1978   JPMorgan Chase, , 1982 [162][163]. 305 (75 ), [162][163]. Wells Fargo Plaza, 302 (71 )[164].   64- - 275 , [165][159]. 90 % [166].

Houston from Sabine Park.jpg

[]

. %±
1850 2396
1860 4845 102.2%
1870 9332 92.6%
1880 16 513 77%
1890 27 557 66.9%
1900 44 633 62%
1910 78 800 76.6%
1920 138 276 75.5%
1930 292 352 111.4%
1940 384 514 31.5%
1950 596 163 55%
1960 938 219 57.4%
1970 1 232 802 31.4%
1980 1 595 138 29.4%
1990 1 630 553 2.2%
2000 1 953 631 19.8%
2010 2 099 451 7.5%
:   ,   ,   ,   ,  

[]

2010 2 099 451 [3], 7,5 % , 2000 . , , : 1960- 1  , 2000- 2 .

2176 ./². [167].

[]

90 [97]. , 43,8 % [3], - [168]. 2000 6,2 %[3], [168]. , 25,6 % , 5,2 % , 2000 [3]. (23,1 %) (6,1 %), 1,3 % [3]. 400 000 [169].

1,24 % ,   1,15 %,   0,55 %,   0,51 %[170]. , 44,68 %[170]. , [171] ( )[172].

[] ,

[173]. : 19   28,67 %; 20 24   8,15 %; 25 44   31,68 %; 45 64   22,45 %; 65   9,05 %[174]. 34 [175].   49,82 %,   50,18 %[174].   80,5 ;   75,8 [176].

2010 $48 055[175].   $32 084,   $27 371. $20 101. 20 % , 16 % ; 26,1 % 18 , 65 14,4 %. 2012 139 900 $[94].

[]

 (.). [177]. 5 400 [178].

2011 37 % , 2010 [179]: 100 000 15,1[180]. 2007 , 31 000 [181]. , - [182].

- «» . 2005 23 %[183]. 1970- , 19701973 . [184].

[]

[]

 (.)., , 1945 [185]. 49 [186], . 93,5 [187], 6  2010 [186].  (.)., 4,5 55 [188]. 6 6 , [189]. [190]. 17 000 [191].

 (.).  (.)..

[61]. , 2030 45 %[192]. : 2004 25 827 , , 1994 [193]. : 95 % [194]. 53 , , [195].

Aerial view of Texas Medical Center.jpg Memorial-hermann-hospital.jpg UTMDA1.JPG

[]

. C - , ,  (.).[196]. [197]. 38,5 [197].

. , - - [107]. «» [108].

[]

[]

HISD

17  (.).. (HISD) , 7- [198]. : , , . , , 12 13 [199].   300 [200][201], . 59 , -, 18 000 [202]. 2011 90,2 % ,   9,8 %[175].

[]

, .

  , [203]. 40 000 [204]. The Princeton Review [205], 300 [206].   , - (.).,  (.). - (.).  (.).[207]. ,   . 99- [206]. :  (.). ( : , ),  (.). (- ) - (.)..

Ezekiel W. Cullen Building (Alternate).JPG Lovett Hall.jpg UHCL-SSB.jpg Merchants and Manufacturers Building (bayou view) Houston.jpg
-

[]

. 2011 82 100 [208]. 81 % ,   53 %[195]. 2 , , [209].

28,4 % 2010 , 2 % , [210].

[]

  [211]. 1,33  22,3 % , ,   , - [212]. 20 % [212]. , 94 [213]. , 2003 .

-, 2011

[]

. 20 [214][215], , [216][217]   (.)., 2  [216]. -, [218]. [219] - (.).[220]. - - (.)., [221][222].  (.)., 20 000 [223]. 1993 - [224][225].

[]

 (.). , 17   -[226]. :   --,   ,   -,   [227], - . -, [228]. , , , [229].

 (.). 8,7 [230]. [226]:

  • (Childrens Museum)
  • (Contemporary Arts Museum)
  • (Fire Museum)
  • (Health Museum)
  • (Holocaust Museum)
  • (Menil Collection)
  • (Museum of Fine Arts)
  • (Museum of Natural Science)
  • (Weather Museum)

, , . 1960-  1970-   , , , , - 1980- 1990- «ZZ Top», «King's X» «D.R.I.», «Blue October» «Indian Jewelry». - «Destinys Child». .

MFA houston.jpg HMNS.jpg Hobbycenter.jpg
-

[]

[175]
77
9 578
935
122

 (.). , , , , . 337 [158]. : -, --, --, -, , . , 1823 1905 [231].     . , , , [232]. 2014   Earth Quest Adventures (.).[233]. 2 ²[234],   1,5  [233][235].

, «Galleria» (.).  ( 7-  (.).);  (.)., ,  (.). [158].

[]

[]

19 [236]:

KPRC KUHT KHOU KTRK KETH KTXH KLTJ KRIV KCVH-LP KUVM-CA KIAH KXLN KTMD KPXB KYAZ KTBU KUBE KZJL KFTH
NBC PBS CBS ABC EVT MNT EVT Fox Off-air Azteca America The CW Univision Telemundo Ion Television Azteca America Mega TV . Estrella TV TF

9 .   KUHT (Channel 8) KHOU (KHOU 11). KUHT PBS[237]. «»  (.). KTRK-TV (.). (40 )[238].

29 [239]. , KUHF,  (.).[240].

[]

«Houston Chronicle»  , - «Hearst Corporation»[241]. 2011 343 952 , 10 [242]. 1995 «Houston Post» (.)., «Houston Chronicle»[243]. « » (.)., 85 000 [244]. «Houston Business Journal», American City Business Journals (.)..   « »[245].

[]

, .

« » « » 1962
« » «-» 1967 2[246]
« » «» 2002
« » «» 2005 2[247]

«-», « » « », « », « », . « »  [248] [249].   «», , « », , « » (.). «» (.)., . « » « -», 2001 [250] 68 000 [250], «» « XXV» 2009 [251].

Toyota Center entr.jpg Reliant Astrodome.jpg Minutemaidpark.jpg Reliantstadium.jpg Robertson Stadium.jpg
«-» « » « » «» «»

, , :

XXXVIII 2004
  • «  (.).» ( )   (.).
  • ( )   (.).

, 2004 [252], 2006 [253] 2000 [254]. « »  . 1974 [255] ( «» (.).) 2004 [256] ( «»). « » 1975 2003 «» ( )[257]. 1960 1996 « », [258]. 1997 2008 « » (.)., [259].

1998 2001 Champ Car[260]. 2006 2007 «» (.).[261][262]. Champ Car IRL IndyCar [262].

16 30 2011 50 [263]. 15 000 . «-». , , , , , , . 50  .

[]

[264]:
()
83,33 (100)
62,5 (100)
52,5 (100)
30 (100)
84,75 (0)
1,37 (100)

«Mercer» 53 , , -[265]. 3 « » 9 [266]. , - (100 % 161,33 %)[267]. -   2,79 $[268].

«Kiplinger» 91 , 100  [269]. 19 « » «»[115]. [266].

[]

-13, -13[270][271]. ( ) . : «, » (. Houston, weve had a problem)[272][271].

[] -

-[273]:

[]

[]

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