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| Winston Churchill |
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| : | 30 1874 (, ) |
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| : | 24 1965 (90 ) () |
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́ ́ ́-́ (. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, ['ʧɜːʧɪl][1] ; 30 1874, 24 1965, ) , - 19401945 19511955 ; , , , (1952)[2], (1953).
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30 1874 . -, 7- , , , . , (. Jennie Jerome), .
, , , , . 1875 (. Elizabeth Anne Everest). [4].
| 13. 13-. |
1886 . , , . 1889 « », , , . 12- , , . , 1892 .
28 1893 ( ), . - (92 102) - , , , . 1893 1894, 130[5] ( 150[6]). 20 1895 .
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Ÿ . , , : « , , , », 16 1895 .
1895 , , , « » (. Daily Graphic) , . , . , «- ». , 25 , . « », , . , , : [7]. .
1896 . , , ( ) . , , , ( 60- ), , .
1897 , , , ( ) , - . , . , , , . : « , - ».
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[] . , . , , [] «-» .
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(.)The tribesman torture wounded and mutilate dead. The troops never spare a single man who falls into their hands whether he be wounded or not. The field hospitals and sick convoys are the especial targets for the enemy and we destroy the tanks by which alone [water] for the summer can be obtained and employ against them a bullet the new DumDum bullet ... the shattering effects of which are simply appalling.
...
Financially it is ruinous. Morally it is wicked. Military it is an open question and politically it is a blunder.[7]
« », 8500 « » (. «The Story of the Malakand Field Force»). - , 200 [7].
, , . , , , , , , [8]. , , , [7].
[], , , , .
(.)I pulled to a trot and rode up to individuals firing my pistol in their faces and killing several 3 for certain 2 doubtful one very doubtful.[8]
, . « , , » , , [8]. , , .
, . . , , , 1899 .
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, « » (. «The River War») .
1899 . , : « » (. «The Clerical Tithes Bill»), . , , .
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1899 , , , . 18 « » . , « (.).», , 250 . ( 8 ), , - , [7]. 14 , .
15 , (. Haldane), . . , , . , . , . , , , , , , . 50 . , « », , . , , , .
12 . - , . , , , 1912 « » , [7]. , , , (. Daniel Dewsnap). 25 .
, , , « »[7], , , « (.).». . , , , , , , .
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1900 (). , , , , , . 222 [9] 26 . .
«». , .
18 1901 . , « ». , « , , », , , .
13 , (. William Brodrick). , , , « ». . 19021903 ( ) . 31 1904 .
1908 - , : , , -, , 12 . -, , , . , :
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(.)A curious and characteristics solution was reached. The Admiralty had demanded six ships, the economists offered four, and finally we compromised on eight[7]
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14 1910 35 , . 5000 ( 200 ), , 1923 .
1910 , . . , , , , [9]. , , 18 .
1910 . , . . 3 , № 100 -. , . , - , . , , . . , , . - , . [7]. :
[] , . , , [] ?
(.)He [Churchill] and a photographer were both risking valuable lives. I understand what the photographer was doing but what was the Right Honourable gentleman doing?[[7]
1911 . . 14 «», , 8 . 15- , 19 . , , , , , 50 . , [7]. 20 , . : « . »[9]. :
. « », , [9].
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, XIXXX , 1906 , , , , , , .
- . . : , , . , , 1912 4 « ». 15 , , . Queen Elizabeth, 1948 .
. , , . , , 2,2 51 % - . , . , . 1915 .
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« » (. Landships Committee) .
1915 , . , , , . - , 15 , 6- , . 1916 . 1917 , 1919 . « » (. Ten Year Rule) , , .
, « ». -, , , 1920 .
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1921 , - , . , 1922 , , . 1923 , , , 1924 . .
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, «: » (. Marlborough: His Life and Times) , 1- .
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(.)You were given the choice between war and dishonour. You chose dishonour, and you will have war
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1 1939 . 3 11 , 10 . . , , - : « ». , , .
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7 1940 , , . , , , , (81 ) . . 9 , , , (. David Margesson), , 10 1940, VI -. , , .
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, , 1940 1941 21 , 70 [9]. , 1940 84 , [9].
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1943 .
1945 .
1945 .
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, , , , 1945 . , , , . ( , « ») , 5 . 26 , , , , , « »[5]. 1 1946 « ».
, , , , «», « » «The New York Times» . « », 4 1948 .
1951 , - 77 , . , . 1952 - . 1953 , . , .
24 1953 . « ».
5 1955 -.
27 1964 .
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- «Punjab Frontier 189798» (10 1898)
- 18961898 (27 1899)
- - 18991902 «Diamond Hill», «Johannesburg», «Relief of Ladysmith», «Orange Free State», «Tugela Heights», «Cape Colony» (15 1901)
- 19141915 (10 1919)
- 19141918 (13 1919)
- (4 1920)
- (19 1922, 16 1923)
- ( V, 31 1924)
- V (1935)
- VI (1937)
- (2 1945)
- 19391945 (9 1945)
- (9 1945)
- (9 1945)
- 19391945 (9 1945)
- (1 1946, 8 1946)
- 19391945 (11 1946)
- II (1953)
- (24 1953, 14 1954)
- « » 1- (, 6 1895, 25 1896)
- «Khartoum» (, 1899)
- 18951898 (, 1914)
- « » (, 10 1919, 16 1919)
- I (, 15 1945)
- 19391945 (, 15 1945)
- (, 1946)
- (, 14 1946)
- 19401945 (, 14 1946)
- (, 8 1947)
- 19391945 (, 8 1947)
- (, 11 1948)
- (, 10 1946)
- (, 9 1950)
- (, 18 1958)
- 1- (, 29 1961)
- (, 14 1962)
- (1963, )
- (1969, ).
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[] 1940 .
, 1940 .
, 13 , «, » (Blood, Sweat, and Tears), :
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(.)I would say to the House, as I said to those who've joined this government: "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat." We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I will say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: victory. Victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival. Let that be realised; no survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge and impulse of the ages, that mankind will move forward towards its goal. But I take up my task with buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. At this time I feel entitled to claim the aid of all, and I say, "Come then, let us go forward together with our united strength."
4 , , « » (We shall fight on the beaches), :
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(.)Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.
, 18 , , , ( « » Their finest hour.):
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(.)What General Weygand called the Battle of France is over. I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "This was their finest hour."
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22 1941 , . , , , :
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(Sinews of Peace), 5 1946 (). - . « », :
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(.)A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately light by the Allied victory. Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its Communist international organization intends to do in the immediate future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive and proselytizing tendencies. (...) From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone -- Greece with its immortal glories -- is free to decide its future at an election under British, American and French observation. The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place. The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. Police governments are prevailing in nearly every case, and so far, except in Czechoslovakia, there is no true democracy.
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, 21 1941 , - , : ? [10]:
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(.)I have only one purpose, the destruction of Hitler, and my life is much simplified thereby. If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the devil in the House of Commons.
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(.)It is very fortunate for Russia in her agony to have this great rugged war chief at her head. He is a man of massive outstanding personality, suited to the sombre and stormy times in wich his life has been cast; a man of inexhaustible courage and will-power and a man direct and even blunt in speech Above all, he is a man with that saving sense of humour which is of high importance to all men and all nations, but particularly to great men and great nations. Stalin also left upon me the impression of a deep, cool wisdom and complete absence of illusions of any kind. I believe I made him feel that we were good and faithful comrades in this war but this, after all, is a matter which deeds not words will prove.
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1946 , . [13]. , , , : « 1953 . , 1942 . »[14].
9 1954 Peace Through Strength ( ), , :
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, , , , , , , .(.)Stalin was for many years Dictator of Russia and the more I have studied his career the more I am shocked by the terrible mistakes he made and the utter ruthlessness he showed to men and masses with whom he acted. Stalin was our ally against Hitler when Russia was invaded but when Hitler was destroyed Stalin made himself our principal object of dread. After our joint victory became certain his conduct divided the world again. He seemed to be carried away by his dream of world domination. He actually reduced a third of Europe to a Soviet satellite condition under compulsory communism. These were heartbreaking events after all we have gone through. But a year ago Stalin died - that is certain - and ever since that event I have cherished the hope that there's new outlook in Russia, a new hope of peaceful co-existence with the Russian nation and that it is our duty patiently and daringly to make sure whether there is such a chance or not.
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, 21 1959 , . , «» , 1955 . 1959 [14]. , ( 17 26 )[13][16]. . , 1988 , , 1991 . ( «» ); 8 1942 , , « , ». , .
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- . , - . , 50- , «». , «» . . , , «», . , . , ( 1971 ) « ».[17]
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- « » (The Story of the Malakand Field Force, 1898)
- « » (The River War, 1899)
- « » (London to Ladysmith via Pretoria, 1900)
- «» (Savrola, 1900)
- « » (Ian Hamiltons March, 1901)
- « » (The World Crisis, 19211923 ., 5 .)
- « » (My Early Life, 1930)
- « » (Thoughts and Adventures, 1932)
- « » (Great Contemporaries, 1937)
- «: » (Marlborough: His Life and Times, 19331938, 4 .)
- « » (The Second World War, 19481954, 6 .)
- « » (A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, 19561958)
- : / . . .: , 2012. 480 ., . ( ). 4000 ., ISBN 978-5-699-53642-9
[]
- ( , Mission to Moscow, , 1943).
- (« », 1949; « », 1949; « 1919-», 1952)
- (« », 1950)
- («», 1968)
- («», 19701972)
- (« », 1972)
- (« », 1977)
- («, 1956» «Suez 1956» (, 1979)
- («-43», 1980)
- («» (, 1984)
- («», 1985)
- («», 1989)
- («» «The Gathering Storm», 2002)
- (« PQ-17», 2004)
- («: » «Ike: Countdown to D-Day» (, 2004)
- (« » «I Am Bob» (, 2007)
- (« » Into the Storm, 2009)
- (« !» The Kings Speech, 2010)
- (« » «Doctor Who: series 5», 2010)
[] .
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- Lingvo , «Churchill»
- British Academy | The Fellowship Fellows Archive
- Poll of the 100 Greatest Britons
- « . , , ». . « »
- 1 2 . . . , 2004. . 20. ISBN 5-17-014478-4
- Roy Jenkins. Churchill : a biography. 2001. . 20-21. ISBN 0-374-12354-3
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 R. Holmes, In the Footsteps of Churchill.' The Bubble Reputation 18951901. Basic Books, NY, 2005, ISBN 0-465-03082-3
- 1 2 3 R. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, Volume I
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . , . . . . . , . « », 2004, ISBN 5-17-014478-4
- -[ ]- . . . : 19391941
- http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1942/420908b.html
- 2 NE
- 1 2 , . « , »- ,
- 1 2 Langworth R. M. Tribute to Stalin Nyet (.) 2010-10-11
- . . . 3, . 20.
- 21.12.1959,
- | « » | .
- .
- «Letters». The Churchill Society. Retrieved 2007-07-16
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- . . : . .: , 2008. ISBN 978-5-386-00897-0
- . . : , . .: , 2011. 576 . 1000 . ISBN 978-5-386-03807-6
- . : / . . . . .: , 2004. ISBN 5-17-014478-4
- . . .: ; , 2011. 672 . ( ). 3100 . ISBN 978-5-699-46887-4
- . : « ». .: ; , 2011. 608 . ( ). 3000 . ISBN 978-5-699-49842-0
- . . .: , 2010. ISBN 978-5-7516-0924-5
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- Never Give In! The Best of Winston Churchills Speeches. ( ), Hyperion, NY, 2003, ISBN 0-7868-8870-9
- R. Holmes, In the Footsteps of Churchill. Basic Books, NY, 2005, ISBN 0-465-03082-3
- : , ,
- The Gathering Storm IMDB
- The Gathering Storm (2002) IMDB
- Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years IMDB
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- . ,
- () (.)
- , (.) Internet Movie Database
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