, (. Homo sapiens), , , - , , . , , , , .
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, , . XIX , - . . , , , . , . .
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1920- , . , . , 410 ³, , . , . , .
20 , . , , . XX Homo, . Homo sapiens . , , , , , . , , . .
(Professor Lee Berger) (Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg). (Malapa Cave) ( ), 2 ( , , 1994 3,3 )[2][3][4].
[]
, 13,7 , , - . , ( , , «» ) ( ).
, , , Homo sapiens , . (), ( ) ( ). , , . , , () .
, , , . , 500 1450 , ( ), ( ) « ».
« , . ( ) (, , ). ( ) . , ( , : ). , , , . . , , , ( ), , .» ( . .)
, « ». , , Homo sapiens, , , 35-40 ; , -, , , .
[]
. 90 , . 85 . 80 .. , . , (, , , () ). .
, 30 , , , , . , 16,5 , 1,5 , . , , . , , 17 , , . (23.03 ) , , , , [5].
, , (, , , , , .), , - , , ( ).
. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 9 , , . , ~ 18 , 14 . , . - , 1210 .
, , , , . , 7 8 , . 98,4 % . - , , - , , .
, . , (, , , , , ) . , Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 ) Orrorin tugenensis (6 ). , , :
- Ardipithecus (5.8-4.4 ), Ar. kadabba Ar. ramidus;
- Australopithecus (4-2 ), Au. anamensis, Au. afarensis, Au. africanus, Au. bahrelghazali Au. garhi;
- Paranthropus (3-1.2 ), P. aethiopicus, P. boisei P. robustus;
- Kenyanthropus (3 ), Kenyanthropus platyops
- Homo ( 2 ), Homo habilis ( Australopithecus habilis), Homo rudolfensis, Homo ergaster, Homo georgicus, Homo antecessor, Homo cepranensis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens idaltu, Homo sapiens sapiens, Homo floresiensis.
[] Homo
homo «» . «dhghem», [6].
Homo sapiens Homo, Homo sapiens Homo, . , «» [7]. , , . , .
, , - . , , , . , , , , [8].
, , , , . , , , , , , . , [9], [10], [11], , ,[12], vernix caseosa , , [12], [13], ( , ), , [14]. , [9], [15] [11][16][17]. , , - , - 100120 [18]. Homo [19][20][21][22][23].
[]
. 6-7 . 6 , 4,2 . (). , , . . , . , 6 1 , . , .
2,4 . , 400450 . Homo habilis. . , 2,7 , 1 . , -, , , , .
Homo ergaster, 1,9 , , . , . , Homo ergaster , .
1,76 . , . 1,75 . Homo georgicus, Homo ergaster Homo erectus.
Homo erectus . . 1,1-1,2 (). Homo antecessor. -, . , 1,5 . 550475 . .
140 . . , , , 300 . . , 500 . .
[] Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens 400250 . . , , Homo erectus . . , , , -, Homo erectus, , . [24], .
, Homo sapiens , 200 . (.). (« »)[25].
2009 Science . , , , , , , . , , [26].
, 60 000 40 000 , (40 000 ), (35 000 15 000 )[25] (. ).
[]
, , , . . [28]. , . . 1957 « » (. ).
[] Homo
| ( ) | () | () | (³) | / | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. habilis | 2,2 1,6 | 1,0 1,5 | 33 55 | 660 | 1960/1964 | ||
| H. erectus | 2 0,03 | , (, , ) | 1,8 | 60 | 850 ( ) 1100 ( ) | 1891/1892 | |
| H. rudolfensis | 1,9 | 1 | 1972/1986 | ||||
| H. georgicus | 1,8 | 600 | 1999/2002 | ||||
| H. ergaster | 1,9 1,4 | 1,9 | 700850 | 1975 | |||
| H. antecessor | 1,2 0,8 | 1,75 | 90 | 1000 | 2 | 1997 | |
| H. cepranensis | 0,9 0,8? | 1000 | 1 | 1994/2003 | |||
| H. heidelbergensis | 0,6 0,25 | , , | 1,8 | 60 | 11001400 | 1908 | |
| H. neanderthalensis | 0,35 0,03 | , | 1,6 | 55 70 () | 12001700 | (1829)/1864 | |
| H. rhodesiensis | 0,3 0,12 | 1300 | 1921 | ||||
| H. sapiens sapiens | 0,2 . . | 1,4 1,9 | 50 100 | 10001850 | /1758 | ||
| H. sapiens idaltu | 0,16 0,15 | 1450 | 3 | 1997/2003 | |||
| H. floresiensis | 0,10 0,012 | 1 | 25 | 400 | 7 | 2003/2004 |
[] .
[]
- Mark Collard, Bernard Wood; How reliable are human phylogenetic hypotheses? quote: .. existing phylogenetic hypotheses about human evolution are unlikely to be reliable http://www.pnas.org/content/97/9/5003.abstract
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- Scientists discover 'missing link between man and apes'
- Scientists unearth missing link between man and apes, using two million-year-old remains of an African child
- Kordos L, Begun DR (2001). «Primates from Rudabánya: allocation of specimens to individuals, sex and age categories». J. Hum. Evol. 40 (1): 1739. DOI:10.1006/jhev.2000.0437. PMID 11139358.
- "dhghem", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000, <http://www.bartelby.org/61/roots/IE104.html>
- Strait DS, Grine FE, Moniz MA (1997). «A reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny». J. Hum. Evol. 32 (1): 1782. DOI:10.1006/jhev.1996.0097. PMID 9034954.
- Richard Leakey Roger Lewin Origins Reconsidered. Little, Brown & Co, 1992. ISBN 0 349 10345 3
- 1 2 Niemitz, C (2002). «A Theory on the Evolution of the Habitual Orthograde Human Bipedalism - The "Amphibisce Generalistheorie"». Anthropologischer Anzeiger 60: 366.
- Morgan Elaine The Aquatic Ape. Stein & Day Pub, 1982. ISBN 0-285-62509-8
- 1 2 Hardy, A. (1960). «Was man more aquatic in the past». New Scientist 7: 642645.
- 1 2 Morgan Elaine The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis. Souvenir Press, 1997. ISBN 0-285-63518-2
- Crawford, M et al (2000). «Evidence for the unique function of docosahexanoic acid (DHA) during the evolution of the modern hominid brain». Lipids 34: S39S47.
- Kingdon, Jonathan. (2003) Lowly Origin Princeton University Press, 242
- Patrick John Human Respiratory Adaptations for Swimming and Diving. Souvenir Press, 1991. ISBN 0-285-63033 4
- Scars of Evolution- Presented by Sir David Attenborough, a two part BBC radio 4 series examining the 'aquatic ape hypothesis'
- Morris Desmond The Naked Ape. April 1999 edition. 1983. P. 44. ISBN 0385334303
- Verhaegen M & Munro S (2002). «The continental shelf hypothesis». Nutrition & Health 16: 2528.
- Ungar, Peter S. Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable. US: Oxford University Press, 2006. P. 432. ISBN 0195183460
- Ungar, Peter S. & Teaford, Mark F. Human Diet: Its Origin and Evolution. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 2002. P. 206. ISBN 0897897366
- Bogin Barry The evolution of human nutrition // The Anthropology of Medicine: From Culture to Method / Romanucci-Ross, Lola; Moerman, Daniel E.; & Tancredi, Laurence R.. 3. South Hadley, Mass.: Bergen and Garvey, 1997. P. 96142. ISBN 0897895169
- Barnicot NA (2005, April/June). «Human nutrition: evolutionary perspectives». Integr Physiol Behav Sci 40 (2): 11417. DOI:10.1007/BF02734246. PMID 17393680.
- Leonard WR, Snodgrass JJ, Robertson ML (2007). «Effects of brain evolution on human nutrition and metabolism» (PDF). Annu Rev Nutr. 27: 31127. DOI:10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093659. PMID 17439362. 2008-12-29.( )
- Leakey Richard The Origin of Humankind. New York, NY: Basic Books, 1994. P. 8789. ISBN 0465053130
- 1 2 Cavalli-Sforza L. L., Feldman M. W. The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of human evolution. Nature genetics, 2003, v. 33, p. 266275
- . . , , . , ., 1957, 314 c.
- . ., . . : . . . 6- ., . .: , 2006. . 251
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- . . « . , » , 19 2009 .
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H. gautengensis . . . . . ( · · · ) H. cepranensis .- . . . . H. sapiens ( · · Homo sapiens sapiens) |
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( ) Homo pampeanus |
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