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, . 1841 . - 1899   1,6  37,4  . XX . 1900 , 1910- - 70 . , ().

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La Jamais Contente 29 1 1899 . 100 / 105,882 /. 130 /. « » (167 ) . ( ) . 55 /.

1973 GM

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1960- - , 1970- - .

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. Ford Ranger 0,25 · , Toyota RAV4  0,19 · . 19 200 (. . 52  ). 5 20 · Ford Ranger $240 $1050, RAV-4  $180 $970.

  3,8 · 0,95 · [2]. , , , .

88  95 %.

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  • «-», , , , .
  • , ( 10 %) . , Mitsubishi Motor (-). Mitsubishi In-wheel motor Electric Vehicle (MIEV). - Toyota. Toyota Fine-T , . , ( 95 %) , .

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  • , , . - (, ), ( -   300 °). , . -- , - NiMH-[4] - . , XX 4 ( 4045 ·/) . - . , PEM-.
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  • . 24 · (60-90 /, ( ), , ) 160 . , , /, 90-100 /, 2- ( 80 ).
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  • (, ) .
  • . 5-8 80 % .

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2011 Chevrolet Volt
Reva NXR () ~9,995
( 40 )   NEV Dynasty IT

2004 55852 . . .

  .

, (, . .) , , . , , : , . - .

,   , [5]. , . . , Volkswagen AG Sanyo Electric, Nissan Motor NEC Corporation, . .

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2011 : Mitsubishi i MiEV, 15000 2011 , 4000 , Peugeot ion Citroën C-ZERO , Nissan LEAF, 15 000 2011 .

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22-23 2010 Daihatsu Mira EV, , 1003 184 .[6]

24 2010 «Venturi Jamais Contente» - 495 / 1 . 515 /[7].

27 2010 «lekker Mobil» Audi A2 605  , , . 55 «lekker Energie» - «Kolibri» «DBM Energy». 115 ·, 90 / ( 130 /) 18 % . DBM Energy 32 , 4 , . «lekker Energie» , «Kolibri» 500 000 [8].

29 2010 Nissan Leaf, 257 [9].

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2011 .   2020 1 , 2030 6 . . , 10 . .

2013 1 . . . , 2014 7 .

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1899 , - . , ́ . , . , 36 ( ). 60 (~64 ). 4 . «-», 1898 .

, , , 30 2007 , , .

«» 25 / . -45 45 . . 15 [10].

330 21 «-» . 75 / 1000 , 20 . . -45 160 4[10].

2007 . . 8 2 . .

(). , [11].

2011 .   Mitsubishi i-MiEV, [12]. 1,5 .

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-

90- . (CARB)   1998 2 % , 2003   10 %. General Motors 1996 EV1 . . EV1 . 1997 5500 . . 2002 ( Toyota RAV-4). . - 2006 « ?» (. Who killed electric car? ).

. CBS News «Could The Electric Car Save Us?»  (.) , 2007 . . « ?» Chris Paine « ?».

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(. Vehicle-to-Home). , . , 5-10 Chevrolet Volt [13].

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IDTechEx, 2005 31,1  ( ). 2015 7 $227 .

, . , , . , Mitsubishi Motors 2009 Colt. - . 150 .

( 15 ), . 2005 Altairnano . 2006 Altairnano Boshart Engineering . 2006 Li4Ti5O12 . 1015 .

, (), , ( 95 %) - ( ). 32 ·/, - (3040 ·/)[14].

- (Zinc-air) [15].

2006 , , . 2010 80  , .

Toyota Prius ( , plug-in , PHEV). , 15 . Ford  Mercury Mariner  40 , Citroën  C-Metisse  30  . Toyota .

General Motors 2007 Chevrolet Volt, 65 .

, 2008 , 21000 [16].

PriceWaterhouseCoopers 2015 500 . [17].

. , .[18]

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Tesla Motors 2012 Model S[19]
Phoenix Motorcars 2011 100000 .
Renault 2011 Renault Kangoo Express[20], Renault [21], Renault Zoe[22]
Nissan 2012 [23]
Detroit Electric   2012 270 [24].
BMW 2012 [25]
Dongfeng Nissan   2012 [26]
Ford 2010
2011
2012


-[27]
Toyota 2012 iQ[28]
Honda
2012
2012
Fit EV[29]
Fit EV[30]
Chrysler 2012 [31].
General Motors 2013 Cadillac Converj[32]
2012 Lada ELLada[33]
SEAT 2016 Altea XL Electric Ecomotive[34]
Kia . 2012 Ray EV[35].

[]

2020 10 % [36].

2020 1 , (PHEV)[37]. 2011 . 2012 500 .[38]

2012 11 60 , , [39].

12- 20122016 . :

  • 50 %;
  • 1 2015 ;
  • 10 000 . ;
  • ;
  • .[40].

2012 100 [41].

2011 [42] 1 2020 [43].

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(Nissan, BMW, Mitsubishi, hevrolet .). , :

Eliica (). 640 .. 370 /.

[]

Toyota RAV4 EV, Eliica, ZENN, ZAP Xebra, General Motors EV1, Chevrolet Volt, Volvo C30 BEV[44], Tesla Roadster, Modec, REVA, Phoenix Motorcars, (SsangYong Actyon), Reva NXR, Renault Z.E., Nissan LEAF, Tazzari ZERO, DeLorean DMC-12

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  1. ( 5-6 )
  2. //
  3. [1] 
  4. en:Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries
  5. 15
  6.   / /   | , , , , ,
  7. Venturi Streamliner Sets New World Speed Record 25 Aug 2010
  8. 600  :
  9. « »
  10. 1 2 : 4 . / . . . . , . . , . . 9-, .  .: , 2004. . 4. . . 526. 696 . ISBN 5-7046-0988-0, 31.221, [621.3+621.3.004.14](035.5).
  11. -
  12. , 22 2011
  13. S.R.C.Vivekchand; Chandra Sekhar Rout, K.S.Subrahmanyam, A.Govindaraj and C.N.R.Rao (2008). «Graphene-based electrochemical supercapacitors». J. Chem. Sci., Indian Academy of Sciences 120, January 2008: 913.
  14. Zinc-air bus project
  15. Japan Post looking to switch fleet to electric cars
  16. PriceWaterhouseCoopers Projects Growth of Electric Car Market
  17. Renault-Nissan ,
  18. Tesla receives Letter of Intent from Daimler for full electric powertrain program for a Mercedes vehicle 3 November 2011
  19. Renault to Make Kangoo be bop Z.E. Prototype EV Available for Test Drives; Four Different EV Models in Market by 2012
  20. Renault Z.E. site
  21. Renault Zoe
  22. Nissan GT 2012 Mid-term Business Plan Unveiled
  23. Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Detroit Electric Holdings Ltd Enter Into Strategic Cooperation for EVs
  24. BMWs electric baby
  25. Dongfeng Nissan to launch electric cars by 2012
  26. Ford Rolls Out Accelerated Plan for HEVs, PHEVs and BEVs; To Partner with Magna on BEVs, First One Due in 2011
  27. Toyota Concept EV Based on the iQ; Company Confirms Plans to Launch Urban Commuter BEV by 2012, Li-ion Prius PHEV in Late 2009
  28. Honda begins demonstration testing of Fit EV concepts in Guangzhou; targeting EV production in China before end of 2012 8 November 2011
  29. Honda unveils 2013 Fit EV; expects about 1,100 units in US over next 3 years
  30. Report: Chrysler to Show Prototype Electric Fiat 500 at Detroit Auto Show
  31. Report: GM re-greenlights the Cadillac Converj for production 11 August 2011
  32. Lada 1 000 000
  33. SEAT unveils first all-electric car and PHEV 11 November 2011
  34. Kia introduces Ray EV in Korea; 2,500 units to be produced in 2012 for use by government agencies 22 December 2011
  35. Govt plan to have 10 % of all cars electric by 2020// Belfast Telegraf. 26 2008
  36. Germany Aiming for 1M EVs and PHEVs by 2020
  37. 60,000 new-energy vehicles to trial-run in 11 cities
  38. Liu Yuanyuan China Begins Implementation of «12th five-year» Plan for EVs 10 2011 .
  39. Deja Vu for French Plug-In Plans
  40. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2911076 Lee Ho-jeong Govt moves up electric car deadline Lee//JoongAng Ilbo October 09, 2009
  41. South Korea Aims to Make 1.2 Million Hybrid, Electric Cars// Bloomberg December 6, 2010  6:17 AM
  42. Volvo C30 BEV

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