-
-́ (. El Niño , ) (. El Niño/La Niña - Southern Oscillation, ENSO) , . -́ , . , , . - (. La Niña , ). 3 8 , - . , 17901793, 1828, 18761878, 1891, 19251926, 19821983 19971998 -, , , 19911992, 1993, 1994 , , . - 19971998 . , . . 1980- - 19861987 20022003 .
, . , , , , . , . , (). 100 200 [1]. , , , , 60 , . 29 30 °C 22 24 °C . , -. , , . , , , , , . - .
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- , . - , : , . - , . ( - MVE), - , -. , - - - 1997-98.. [2]
, - , -. 1950 2004 , - 21% . - , -. , , [3][4]
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| ENSO ? |
- El-Niño-Info
- El-Niño-Info
- ceanolog -
- RealClimate.org: El Niño and Global Warming (engl.)
- The El Nino Theme Page Explains El Nino and La Nina, provides real time data, forecasts, animations, FAQ, impacts and more.
- NOAA El Nino Page
- The El Nino Story
- ENSO events 1951 present
- NOAA announces 2004 El Niño
- The Climate of Peru
- Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)
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- -
- 3 2006 . -. (Reuters/YahooNews)
- -
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- César N. Caviedes, 2001. El Niño in History : Storming Through the Ages (University Press of Florida)
- Brian Fagan , 1999. Floods, Famines, and Emperors : El Niño and the Fate of Civilizations (Basic Books)
- Michael H. Glantz, 2001. Currents of change, ISBN 0-521-78672-X
- Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (2001), ISBN 1-85984-739-0
- , - (2011), ISBN 978-5-91709-009-2
- S. M. Hsiang, K. C. Meng, M. A. Cane. Civil conflicts are associated with the global climate // Nature. 2011. V. 476. P. 438441.
- Quirin Schiermeier (2011). "Climate cycles drive civil war". Nature476: 406407. doi:10.1038/news.2011.501.
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- El Niño and its health impact. Health Topics A to Z. 13 2012. 1 2011..
- Hsiang, S. M. , Meng, K. C. & Cane, M. A. (2011). «Civil conflicts are associated with the global climate». Nature 476: 438441. DOI:10.1038/nature10311.
- Quirin Schiermeier (2011). «Climate cycles drive civil war». Nature 476: 406407. DOI:10.1038/news.2011.501.
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