, XV XVII , , , , . « »[1][2] «» , .[3]
1418 , 1488 . 1492 «». , , « », . , , . 1498 , . , « » 1512 . 1522 , , , , . , . 1495 , , , , , , ; 1606 , 1642 1778 . 1580- 1640- .
, . , , , , . , : , , , ( ), , , , . (.). , , .
[] (12411438)
, , . , , . 1154 (.). -, II, , ,[4][5] , , , . , , . , . , (.). , , . , (.)., , .[6]
XV , . . , . , . , .
XV , . , , .
. XV . : , , . .
. , , , ( ). , XVI .
( ) ( ) . (700800 % ), ( ) .
[]
, .[7] , , , , 1206 , Pax Mongolica .[8][9] , . , (.).. - (.). , .
, (.)., . , IV 1241 1247 .[8] , . , . , , .[10] . 1271 1295 , (.)., .[11]
1291 - . , , .[12][13] 1325 1354 , , , , . , [14]. 1357-71 . , [15] , , , .
1400 . ,[16] , . (.)., 1439 - 14661472 , , .
. , , . XIV .[17] .
[]
. (.).
1368 , , . , , (618907). 1405 1421 .[18]
, , . ( ), 121 , . 1405 . , , . , , , ( ), .[19] , , , , , , .[20][21] , , 1431 1433, . , , .[22]
, , , . , , « »,[23] , . , .
[] (14191507)
. (.).
. (.).
VIII XV (.). . , , , , , - . , ,[24] , , , .[25] . , , , , , , . . , 1453, .
, - , , ( ) . ,[26] , , . ,[27] ( , -, 1407 ). () , ,[28] .
, . , . , , , , . , : , , .[29]
[]
. (.).
. (.).
1297 , , I 1317 (.)., , -.[30] XIV , , .[31] 13251357 IV .[32] , , 1336 , 1344 , .[33][34]
1415 , . (), , ( ), . , , .
, , , [35], [36], , , , . , , . (1419) (1427).
, , , .[37] , , , , , : 1421 , , 1434 , .
XV , , , .[38] , , . , XV . , . , .[39][40] , .[41] 1445 , 1446 (.). -.
1453 , . 1455 V Romanus Pontifex (.)., Dum Diversas (.). (1452), , , V , , mare clausum (.). .[42] , , (.)., 1459 .[43]
1456 -. , (.). -, , XV . 1460- , .
[]
14611462 - . 1460 , , 1469 100 .[44] (.)., , , (.). (.). , . , - 1471 . .
, 1481 II --- . 1482 ,[45] 1486 - ( ).
1488 , « » (Cabo das Tormentas), . , . , « », , , - .[46] II « » (Cabo da Boa Esperança), , , , .
[]
1402 , , , XV . , , . , , - , , , , , . 1492 , , «» ( ). .[47] , 1485 1488 , II.
3 1492 --- ; , -, (), , -, . , , , .
12 1492 , ( ) -, , «-». - ( 28 ) (5 ). (.)., .
39 - .[48] . , .[49]
4 1493 . , , 15 1493 . (.)..[50]
: , . . , , .
[] (1494)
«-» .[51] 4 1493 , , VI (Inter caetera), , - , , . , , .
II , , , . II I , .[52]
1494 , «» . «» , 270 - ( ), , (). , , , .
[] :
. , . 1497 .
(.). VII. , , (.)., , , «-» [53] , , .
1499 (.)., , , . , , , .[54] , 14991502 , - .[55] 1502 .
[] « »
1497 I , , -. 1499 , « », .[56] , , , . 1,500 9 1500 . Ÿ , , . , - , «volta do mar (.).». 21 , - (.).; 22 , 25 , -. , . , , - (.). ( ). , , «volta do mar» II .[57]
I [58], , (.). 1491 , , [59], , , 1502 1504 . , , : . 1507 (.)., , , , , « »,[60] Mundus novus, , (.)., .[61]
[] (14971513)
[]
14971499 ().
()
(.). (), ()
. , 1485 1488 , . II , , 800 (3 860 ) ,[62] 1487 , , . 1488 , . .
I 1497 170 . , , , . 20 1498 . - , . 55 , .
1500 1500 . ; , , (1501), 1507 ; 1507 , 1506 . , (.). , , «», IV . . . (1501), (1510).
[] « »
1511 , , . , : (.). , ( ).
« », , , , , , , 1512 .[63] , - . , - : . , .
1513 , , . , (.). , , , (.)., , 1516 .[64][65] (.). 1517 , 1557 .
, 1507 1515 , . 1513 , , -- . 1521 (.). , .[66] , , 1541 , .
[] (15131529)
1513 65 (.). ( ) « », , .[67] , , 190 , . . 6 1000 , , (.)., , , « ». 25 , , . , , . , 110 , , -. Mar del Sur ( ), , . . , , Isla Rica ( , ). , . 15151516 -, , « » .
- (.)., .[68]
[]
1516 , I, I. , , , (.). (.)., (.). (.).. , 1513 , , [69][70], , , , . , .
. 10 1519 : (.). , , , , , «», 237 . , , .[71]
, , , . 21 (.)., 373- (600 .) , Estrecho de Todos los Santos ( ), . 28 (Mar Pacífico), .[72] . (.). , , 1521 . 6 1522 , . 18 . : - , 15251527 , . , , , .
, . , [73] ( , , ), .
[]
, .[74] 1525 I , , . 450 , , , , , .
, 56° , , « »: . , .[74] , .[76][77]
, , . 1524 1529 , , . , . (.)., (.).. , : (.)., . 1529 , , .[78]
1525 1528 . (.). (.)., , , « ».[79] 1526 (.)., - . , .
1527 « » ( ), . 31 1527 , , Isla de Oro ( ). 1528 . -, . -, , . , 1565 .[80]
[] (15191540)
- 1511 II . , . , «», , , , , . , , , .[81]
, , . , . , , . , , .
1512 , - 1508 , . , .[82] - 1513 200 . La Florida, (. Florida); , , , . -,[83] (.). - (.).. , 8 , : , , - .[84] (.)., - (.). -, , , .
[]
1517 . , , . , , . 1518 -- , - .
1519 , , . 11 , 500 , 13 . , ,[85] . . , , lingua franca , . .
, I).[85] II, . . 3000 , . , ( ) , , , , .
, 8 II, , , .[85] , . I , , . .[86] , , , , , I.
1100 , 1520 .[85] 200 , , . (.)., . , , , , .[87] , . .[85] (.). , 870 .[85] , 1521 (.). . , , .
[]
1522 . , «». - (.). , «» . , , .
. 1524 (.). , . , «Empresa del Levante»: , , .
, I, 1525 .[88]. 80 40 13 1524 . , , , , , , . , : Puerto deseado ( ), Puerto del hambre ( ) Puerto quemado ( ). , . 1526 160 . - : , . , . , , , , , . , . , , (.)., , , , .
, , , . . , . (isla del Gallo), , : « ; . , , ». , « », . , , .
1528 - . . , , . , « ». « » . , , . , , -, , , --, - , . 1528 , , . 4 , [89]. , «».
1528 , I. , , . Capitulación de Toledo[90] . : , , , , , (.)..
27 1530 . , 180 , . , ---. , . (.)., , , . . . , , . , 200 27 80- , , . , , , .
, 2 , . , , 1536 . , , - , , 30 . 1572 . . , . .
[]
1536 - 800 , . . 9 , . 600 , . 1537 200 . , , . 15391540 , « »[91] . 1541 - . Ÿ ---, 6 1538 .
, -, [92], , , ( 1539)[93].
[] (15421565)
1543 , . (.)., , , (.)., .[94]
II . , , . 1564 . , 1 1565 , , 38° (.)., .
, , . Volta do mar, , , , , , . , , , (.)., . 8 1565 , 12 (20 .) 130 . ; , , , .
. , , .
, , , . , , , . . 19 1567 . , [95], . 1569 , (), , [96][97].
[] (15951600-)
, . , (.). . , .
1568 II, . , . 1580 II , . , .
. , , 1585 . , .[98] . , , , , . - . : 1585 , . 1588 .
: . 1592 (.)., . 1595 , , «Reys-gheschrift vande navigatien der Portugaloysers in Orienten» (« ») .[99] - . , , , .
, (1600) (1602) - . , , , , , , .[100]
[]
1497 . , , .[101] - , .[101] , , XVII .
1524 I, , . , , (.). . , , , , , - , , 1525 . 1529 (.). , . 1534 1536 , , , , , , , " " (.). , , I.[102][103]
XVI . (.). , , , [104] , . «». , , 28 1542 , , - (.). .[105] - (.). , (.).. .
1579 [106] , (.).. « » .[107]
16091611 , - , - (VOC) -, . , . - , . 1611 , , .
[]
, , . , , , , - . . 1525 , , , XI .
1553 - (.).. , (.)., 1640- .[108] . , , . , , -, .
1608 , . , .
[]
5 1594 , .[109] . , . , - .
, , .[110] , , . 1596 , . , (.). , . , , - . , (.). (.)., Tusk Bay, (.)., Keerwyck, - . 28 , Vogelhoek - , , , Grooten Inwyck Inwyck.
1 , : -, . , , , , , . , 16 . , , Het Behouden Huys (.).. , , , , . , . 20 1597 , . , . 12 ; , , , , , .
[]
Terra Australis Ignota (. ) , XV XVIII , , . (.). XVI , -; . , , , , , (1569) (.). 1767[111] , . , .
1576 , , .[112] , , . , , 1606 , La Australia del Espiritu Santo. , Terra Australis incognita. , , , , -.
, . - 18 1603 Duyfken, (.)..[113] - , « .» 18 1605 Duyfken . , , , . 26 1606 (.). - , . . 320 , , . 1615 , , , .
16421644 , VOC, , , . , - ( ) , 1643 . , , (.)..
[] (15811660)
XVI , . . , . , , , , .
[]
1577 (.). . 1580 . 1581 . 1582 . , , . , 1585 , . . , , .
[]
XVII . , , , . , . , . 1607 , , 1619 , .
16201624 2300 , . ( ), . 2400 , . , , . , , . 1400 , , ( ) .
1627 ϸ . , . , . 1631 , 1632 , .[114]
, . , , 1631 , 1638, , .[115][116]
1643 , , , . .[117]
[]
1639 , . . 1640 - , , , , . 1642 .
1643 , , , . 1644 , . . , . 1645 , . 1646 .
1644 . , . 1648 , , , , . ( ) . 1649 , . , .[118] 1651 . , .
1649-50 . , ( ), , 1650-53 . . , , . , .[119] 1689, ( 1858 ).
1659-65 . 1660 . , , , , ( ) , .
, XVII , . 1700- , 17331743 .
[]
. , : 1.
(Zea mays) 2.
(Solanum lycopersicum) 3.
(Solanum tuberosum) 4.
(Vanilla) 5.
(Hevea brasiliensis) 6.
(Theobroma cacao) 7.
(Nicotiana rustica)
, [120]. , , . , , , , . « » : , , , , , , , ( (« »)[121]), , , . , .
, . , , . , , . , , , . , «», , , , , , , , , .
(.)., (.)., . (. (.).).
, : . , , , 50-90 %. (. .)[122]
XVI [123] (.)..[124]
XVI , . , , , . , (.). . , . , , , . , .
-
(.). ,
. :
,
(.). (.). (1623-88); :
,
-,
XVI .[125] , , , , , , , , .[126][127] (9601279) ;[128] , 1560 , .[129]
1543 « », , , , , , . , , , . ; , .[130] 1573 , , , .[131]
(15521610) , , , (15621633) .
[]
, (.). . (.). , , . (.)., , , .
. , , " ,[132] .[133] « » . , , , , 2000 . , , . : , , , . , , , ( 1557 ), - 1559 .
, 1549 (.).. 1557 .[134] (.). ; , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .[135]
, . (.). , china . (.). ( , , , , ) , . , (.)..[136] - , 6 1602 1682 .[137][138] . 1575 1587 (.). . , , , 1620 . , (.)., () , , [139], . , (.). , , 1630 XVIII .
(.). (15591636), , , XVII , , « , , ».[140] , , : 50000 . , . , .[126]
, , , . [141] 1520- . 1546 . XVI , 1.5 . ( 1990 ) . , II . « », 1603 : « , ».[142] , , .[143] , . , 1557 - .[144] II , (.). 1557, 1560, 1575 1596 , , . , , .
:
- : , , .
- , .
- - .
- , , , , : , . , , . .
[] .
[]
- Mancall 1999, pp. 2653.
- Parry 1963, pp. 15.
- Arnold 2002, p. 11.
- Houben, 2002, pp. 102104.
- Harley & Woodward, 1992, pp. 156161.
- Abu-Lughod 1991, p. 121.
- silk-road 2008, web.
- 1 2 DeLamar 1992, p. 328.
- Abu-Lughod 1991, p. 158.
- Mancall 2006, p. 14.
- Mancall 2006, p. 3.
- Parry 2006, p. 69.
- Diffie 1977, pp. 2425.
- Dunn 2004, p. 310.
- Mancall 1999, p. 36.
- Arnold 2002, p. 5.
- DeLamar 1992, p. 329.
- Arnold 2002, p. 7.
- Tamura 1997, p. 70.
- Cromer 1995, p. 117.
- Tsai 2002, p. 206.
- Mancall 2006, p. 115.
- Mancall 2006, p. 17.
- (.). , , (.). (.). (. Burns 2001, p. 14) , (. Pires 1512, p. lxii) Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India (.). (« »)
- ScienceDaily 1998, news.
- Spufford 1989, pp. 339349.
- Spufford 1989, p. 343.
- Abu-Lughod 1991, p. 122.
- Parry 1981, p. 33.
- Diffie 1977, p. 210.
- Newitt 2005, p. 9.
- Diffie 1960, p. 49.
- Diffie 1977, pp. 2931.
- Butel 1999, p. 36.
- DeLamar 1992, p. 333.
- Anderson 2000, p. 50.
- Locke 1824, p. 385.
- Boxer 1969, p. 29.
- Parry 1981, p. 145.
- Diffie 1977, pp. 132134.
- Russell-Wood 1998, p. 9.
- Daus 1983, p. 33.
- Bagrow 1964, p. 72.
- Diffie 1977, pp. 145148.
- DeLamar 1992, p. 335.
- Anderson 2000, p. 59.
- DeLamar 1992, p. 341.
- Maclean 2008, web.
- Forbes 1993, p. 22
- Mancall 1999, p. 26.
- DeLamar 1992, p. 345.
- Davenport 1917, pp. 107111.
- Croxton 2007, web (on subscription)
- Diffie 1977, pp. 463464.
- Diffie 1977, pp. 464465.
- Diffie 1977, p. 185.
- Crow 1992, p. 136.
- Diffie 1977, pp. 456462.
- Catholic Encyclopedia 2, web.
- Arciniegas 1978, pp. 295300.
- Diffie 1977, pp. 458.
- Morison 1942, pp. 6575.
- Milton 1999, pp. 57.
- Pfoundes 1882, p. 89.
- Nowell 1947, p. 8.
- Cole 2002, p. 37.
- Otfinoski 2004, p. 33
- Lash 1998, p. 626
- Zweig 1938, p. 51.
- Donkin 2003, p. 29.
- DeLamar 1992, p. 349.
- Catholic Encyclopedia 2007, web.
- Fernandez-Armesto 2006, p. 200.
- 1 2 3 Newitt 2005, p. 104.
- Lash 1998, p. 1397
- Lash 1998, p. 1397.
- Diffie 1977, p. 375.
- Diffie 1977, p. 368, 473.
- Galvano 1563, p. 168
- Fernandez-Armesto 2006, p. 202.
- U.C. 2009, web
- Lawson 2007, pp. 8488.
- Lawson 2007, pp. 2932.
- Weddle 1985, p. 42.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Grunberg 2007,
- Restall 2004, pp. 659687.
- Castillo 1963, p. 294.
- . , 1526 .. www.bloknot.info (.) (8 2009). , "Colleccion de documentos ineditos para la historia de España". Tomo V, Madrid, Imprenta de la viuda de Calero, 1844. pp. 193-201. 22 2011. 8 2009.
- Cabello Valboa, Miguel. Miscelánea antártica. Una historia del Perú antiguo. Lima: Universidad nacional mayor de San Marcos. UNMSM, Instituto de etnología, 1951. p.422-423.
- Cervantes web, .
- . .. www.bloknot.info (. ) (23 2009). 24 2011. 23 2009.
- . » (1539; 15481549).. www.bloknot.info (. ) (20 2010). 21 2011. 20 2010.
- . ( 1539 ).. www.bloknot.info (. ) (4 2010). 24 2011. 4 2010.
- Pacey 1991, p. 88
- .
- Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. Historia de los Incas. Madrid 2007. Miraguano, Polifemo. ISBN 978-84-7813-228-7, ISBN 978-84-86547-57-8, p. 6
- LA EXPEDICIÓN MARÍTIMA DE TUPAC YUPANQUI
- Boxer 1977, p. 18.
- Linschoten 1598,
- Boxer 1969, p 109.
- 1 2 Paine 2000, p. xvi.
- Cartier E.B. 2009, web.
- Histori.ca 2009, web.
- Gutierrez 1998. pp. 8182.
- San Diego HS, web.
- Drake N.Guild, web.
- USF 2010, web
- Hacquebord 1995,
- Synge 1912, p.258
- ULT 2009, web
- Wilford 1982, p. 139.
- Medina 1918, pp. 136246.
- Mutch 1942, p. 17.
- Lincoln 1994, p. 62
- The Perfilyevs, web (.)
- Sbaikal, web (.)
- Lincoln 1994, p. 247
- Fisher 1981, p. 30
- Dymytryshyn 1985, web
- Mayne 2009, web.
- , . . . , 2008 (. . )
- Cook 1998, p. 13
- OSU 2006, news.
- Scitizen 2007, web.
- Columbia University 2009, web.
- 1 2 Ebrey 2006, p. 211.
- Crosby 1972, pp. 198201
- Gernet 1962, p. 136.
- Crosby 1972, p. 200.
- Spence 1999, pp. 1920.
- Brook 1998, p. 205.
- Braudel 1985, p. 143.
- Dunton 1896, p. 163.
- Brook 1998, p. 124.
- Aas 1976, pp. 410411.
- . Hochstrasser 2007, Still life and trade in the Dutch golden age.
- Volker 1971, p. 22.
- Brook 1998, p. 206.
- Howard 1978, p. 7.
- Brook 1998, pp. 205206.
- Walton 1994, pp. 4344
- Braudel 1979, p. 171.
- Tracy 1994, p. 655.
- Braudel 1979, pp. 523525
[]
[]
- Castillo Bernal Díaz del, John Michael Cohen The conquest of New Spain. Penguin Classics, 1632-1963 reissue. ISBN 0140441239
- Galvano Antonio The Discoveries of the World from Their First Original Unto the Year of Our Lord 1555, issued by the Hakluyt Society. Kessinger Publishing, 15632004 reissue. ISBN 0766190226
- Linschoten Jan Huyghen van Voyage to Goa and Back, 15831592, with His Account of the East Indies: From Linschoten's Discourse of Voyages, in 1598. New Delhi, AES, 15982004 reissue. ISBN 8120619285
- Pires Tomé, Armando Cortesão, Francisco Rodrigues The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues: Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas. Asian Educational Services, 1512-1990 reissue. ISBN 8120605357
- Mancall Peter C. Travel narratives from the age of discovery: an anthology. Oxford University Press US, 2006. ISBN 0195155971
- Real Cédula aprobando la capitulación concedida por Carlos V a Francisco Pizarro para la conquista y población del Perú. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. 24 2011. 17 2010. (.)
- ; ; (). -. www.bloknot.info. , , 2010. - ., .. 22 2011. 16 2010.
- . .. www.bloknot.info (1 2010). , , 2010. - ., .. 24 2011. 1 2010.
- , . , .. www.bloknot.info (22 2010). . . - . , , , 2010. 23 2011. 29 2010.
- , . .. www.bloknot.info (.) (22 2010). . . - . , , , 2010. 24 2011. 22 2010.
- . , 1526 .. www.bloknot.info (.) (8 2009). . 22 2011. 8 2009.
- . «», (8 1533).. www.bloknot.info (.). 24 2011. 28 2009.
- , . .. www.vostlit.info ( ). . 24 2011. 28 2009.
- , . .. www.bloknot.info (.). . 24 2011. 28 2009.
- , . , , 15 1539.. www.bloknot.info (.). 24 2011. 28 2009.
- , . ( ), 1542 .. www.bloknot.info (.) (3 2010). , Juan de Betanzos. Suma y Narracion de los Incas. Madrid, Ediciones Polifemo, 2004, ISBN 84-86547-71-7, . 358-390. 21 2011. 3 2010.
- . . .. www.bloknot.info (. ) (24 2008). . .. 21 2011. 27 2009.
- . . : .. www.bloknot.info (. ) (14 2009). . ., ., . Valery Melnikoff. 21 2011. 27 2009.
- . .. www.vostlit.info ( ). . . 24 2011. 28 2009.
- , 15161576, « », 1551.
- --, . .. www.vostlit.info ( ). 24 2011. 28 2009.
- , . .. www.vostlit.info ( ). 24 2011. 28 2009.
- , . .. www.vostlit.info ( ). 24 2011. 28 2009.
- , . .. www.vostlit.info ( ). . 24 2011. 28 2009.
- . . " , , " (1555).. www.bloknot.info (.) (30 2010). : Fernando de Santillan. Relacion del orígen, descendencia, política y gobierno de los incas // Tres relaciones de antigüedades peruanas. Madrid, 1879. 24 2011. 30 2010.
- . , (, 25 1558 ).. www.bloknot.info (.) (20 2010). .. 24 2011. 20 2010.
- --. , , (1559).. www.bloknot.info (.) (3 2010). ; . 21 2011. 3 2010.
- . , , (1560).. www.bloknot.info (.) (28 2009). . ( ). 24 2011. 28 2009.
- . (1565-1570).. www.bloknot.info (.) (29 2009). 1565-1570 ., , . 24 2011. 29 2009.
- --. « , » (1567).. www.bloknot.info (.) (3 2010). . 21 2011. 3 2010.
- -. «» (1567).. www.bloknot.info (.) (22 2009). ( ) , ( ). 21 2011. 22 2009.
- . (1567).. www.bloknot.info (.) (1 2009). . 24 2011. 1 2009.
- , . , , (1572).. www.bloknot.info (.). . , , . 21 2011. 28 2009.
- , , 15321592, « », 1572.
- , . (1575).. www.bloknot.info (.). , . 21 2011. 28 2009.
- ,
- . .. www.vostlit.info ( ). 11 2011. 28 2009.
- , « », 1595.
- , . (1608).. www.bloknot.info (.). . ( ). 21 2011. 28 2009.
- , , « », 1615.
- , 15451597, « » (. .), , 2008.
- , , « ».
- . «, , 1636 ». www.bloknot.info (6 2009). (. - .. , 2008). 24 2011. 6 2009.
- , . .. www.bloknot.info (.). . .. 21 2011. 28 2009.
- . ( 1539 ).. www.bloknot.info (. ) (4 2010). 24 2011. 4 2010.
- . » (1539; 15481549).. www.bloknot.info (. ) (20 2010). 21 2011. 20 2010.
- ., . . 1. . 2. XVI-XVII : . .. www.kuprienko.info (. ) (11 2012). 26 2012. 11 2012.
[]
- Abu-Lughod Janet Before European Hegemony: the world system a.d. 12501350. Oxford University Press US, 1991. ISBN 0195067746
- Anderson James Maxwell The history of Portugal. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. ISBN 0313311064
- Arciniegas Germán Amerigo and the New World: The Life & Times of Amerigo Vespucci. Octagon Books, 1978. ISBN 0374902801
- Armesto Felipe Fernandez Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. W.W. Norton & Company, 2006. ISBN 0393062597
- Arnold David The Age of Discovery, 14001600, Lancaster pamphlets. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0415279968
- Boxer Charles Ralph The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 14151825. Hutchinson, 1969. ISBN 0091310717
- Boxer Charles Ralph The Dutch seaborne empire, 16001800. Taylor & Francis, 1977. ISBN 0091310512
- Braudel Fernand The Wheels of Commerce, vol. II of Civilization and Capitalism 15th18th Century. University of California Press, 19791992 reissue. ISBN 0520081153
- Braudel Fernand The perspective of the world. University of California Press, 19851992 reissue. ISBN 0520081161
- Brook Timothy The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press, 1998. ISBN 0520221540
- Burns William E. The scientific revolution: an encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2001. ISBN 0874368758
- Butel Paul The Atlantic. Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0415106907
- Cole Juan Ricardo Sacred Space and Holy War. I.B.Tauris, 2002. ISBN 1860647367
- Cook Noble David Born to die: disease and New World conquest, 1492-1650. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0521627303
- Crosby Alfred W., Jr The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492;30th Anniversary Edition. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1972, 2003 reissue. ISBN 0275980928
- Cromer Alan Uncommon Sense: The Heretical Nature of Science. Oxford University Press US, 1995. ISBN 0195096363
- Crow John A. The Epic of Latin America. University of California Press, 1992. ISBN 0520077237
- Daus Ronald Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus. Wuppertal/Germany: Peter Hammer Verlag, 1983. ISBN 3872942026
- Davenport Frances Gardiner European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1917.
- De Lamar Jensen Renaissance Europe: age of recovery and reconciliation. D.C. Heath, 1992. ISBN 0669200077
- Diffie Bailey Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 14151580. University of Minnesota Press, 1977. ISBN 0816607826
- Diffie Bailey Prelude to empire: Portugal overseas before Henry the Navigator. University of Nebraska Press, 1960. ISBN 0803250495
- Dymytryshyn Basil, E. A. P. Crownhart-Vaughan, Thomas Vaughan Khabarov's biography (.) Russia's conquest of Siberia, 15581700: a documentary record. Western Imprints, The Press of the Oregon Historical Society, 1985. ISBN 0803250495
- Donkin R. A. Between east and west: the Moluccas and the traffic in spices up to the arrival of Europeans. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, DIANE Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0871692481
- Dunn Ross E. The adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century. University of California Press, 2004. ISBN 0520243854
- Dunton Larkin The World and Its People. Silver, Burdett, 1896.
- Ebrey Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Houghton Mifflin, 2006 /2008. ISBN 0618133844
- Fisher Raymond H. The Voyage of Semen Dezhnev in 1648. The Hakluyt Society, 1981. ISBN 0904180077
- Fiske John The Discovery of America: With Some Account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest. Houghton Mifflin, 1892/2009. ISBN 1110320159
- Forbes Jack D. Africans and Native Americans: the language of race and the evolution of Red-Black peoples. University of Illinois Press, 1993. ISBN 025206321X
- Gernet Jacques Daily life in China, on the eve of the Mongol invasion, 12501276. Stanford University Press, 1962. ISBN 0804707200
- Goodrich Luther Carrington, Chao-ying Fang, Ming Biographical History Project Committee -Association for Asian Studies. Dictionary of Ming biography, 13681644. Columbia University Press, 1976. ISBN 023103833X
- Gutierrez Ramon A, and Richard J. Orsi Contested Eden: California before the Gold Rush. University of California Press, 1998. ISBN 052021273
- Hacquebord, Louwrens (Sept 1995). «In Search of Het Behouden Huys: A Survey of the Remains of the House of Willem Barentsz on Novaya Zemlya». 'Arctic' 48 (3). 2009-03-08.
- Hochstrasser Julie Still life and trade in the Dutch golden age. Yale University Press, 2007. ISBN 0300100388
- Howard David and John Ayers China for the West: Chinese Porcelain and other Decorative Arts for Export, Illustrated from the Mottahedeh Collection. London and New York: Sotheby Parke Bernet, 1978.
- Lash Donald F., Edwin J. Van Kley Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 3: Southeast Asia. University of Chicago Press, 1998. ISBN 0226467686
- Lawson Edward W. The Discovery of Florida and Its Discoverer Juan Ponce de Leon. Kessinger Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1432561243
- Lincoln W. Bruce The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians. Cornell University Press, 1994, 2007 reissue. ISBN 0801489229
|
- Locke John The works of John Locke: in nine volumes, Volume 9" The history of navigation. C. and J. Rivington, 1824.
- Mancall Peter C. "The Age of Discovery" in The Challenge of American History, ed. Louis Masur. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. ISBN 0801862221
- Medina El Piloto Juan Fernandez descubridor de las islas que ilevan su hombre, y Juan Jufre, armador de la expedicion que hizo en busca de otras en el mar del zur. Gabriela Mistral, 1918, 1974 reissue. ISBN 0313320438:Sp icon
- Milton Giles Nathaniel's Nutmeg. London: Sceptre, 1999. ISBN 9780340696767
- Morison Samuel Eliot Admiral of the Ocean Sea: The Life of Christopher Columbus. Read Books, 1942,2007 reissue. ISBN 1406750271
- Mutch T. D. The First Discovery of Australia. Sydney: Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 1942.
- Newitt Malyn D.D. A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 14001668. Routledge, 2005. ISBN 0415239796
- Nowell Charles E. The Discovery of the Pacific: A Suggested Change of Approach. The Pacific Historical Review (Volume XVI, Number 1), 1947.
- Otfinoski Steven Vasco Nuñez de Balboa: explorer of the Pacific. Marshall Cavendish, 2004. ISBN 0761416099
- Pacey Arnold Technology in world civilization: a thousand-year history. MIT Press, 1991. ISBN 0262660725
- Paine Lincoln P. Ships of discovery and exploration. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,, 2000. ISBN 0395984157
- Parry J.H. The age of reconnaissance. University of California Press, 1981. ISBN 0520042352
- Parry J.H. The Discovery of the Sea. University of California Press, 1981. ISBN 0520042379
- Penrose Boies Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance:14201620. Harvard University Press, 1955. ISBN 0689701535
- Pfoundes C. Notes on the History of Eastern Adventure, Exploration, and Discovery, and Foreign Intercourse with Japan. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Volume X), 1882.
- Restall Matthew Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0195176111
- Russell-Wood A. J. R. The Portuguese empire, 14151808: a world on the move. JHU Press, 1998. ISBN 0801859557
- Spence Jonathan D. The Chan's Great Continent: China in Western Minds. W.W. Norton & Co., 1999. ISBN 039331989X
- Spufford Peter Money and its Use in Medieval Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989. ISBN 0521375908
- Bagrow Leo, R. A. Skelton History of cartography. Transaction Publishers, 2009, 1964. ISBN 1412811546
- Synge J.B. A Book of Discovery. Yesterday's Classics, c. 1912-2007 reissue. ISBN 1599151928
- Tamura Eileen H. China: Understanding Its Past. University of Hawaii Press, 1997. ISBN 0824819233
- Tracy James D. Handbook of European History 14001600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 1994. ISBN 9004097627
- Tsai Shih-Shan Henry Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. University of Washington Press, 2002. ISBN 9780295981246
- Volker T. Porcelain and the Dutch East India Company: as recorded in the Dagh-registers of Batavia Castle, those of Hirado and Deshima and other contemporary papers, 16021682. E. J. Brill,, 1971.
- Walton Timothy R. The Spanish Treasure Fleets. Pineapple Press (FL), 1994. ISBN 15616404-2
- Weddle Robert S. Spanish Sea: the Gulf Of Mexico in North American Discovery, 15001685. Texas A&M University Press, 1985. ISBN 0890962111
- Wilford John Noble The Mapmakers, the Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to Space Age. Vintage Books, Random House, 1982. ISBN 0394753038
- Zweig Stefan Conqueror of the SeasThe Story of Magellan. Read Books, 19382007 reissue. ISBN 1406760064
[] -
- Amerigo Vespucci. Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent). 24 2011. 22 2010.
- Ancient Silk Road Travelers. Silk Road Foundation. 24 2011. 14 2010.
- By the road of pathfinders. Sbaikal.ru. 24 2011. 19 2010. (.)
- Discovering Francis Drake's California Harbor. Drake Navigators Guild. 24 2011. 17 2010.
- ExplorationJacques Cartier. The Historica Dominion Institute. 24 2011. 9 2009.
- Ferdinand Magellan. Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent). 24 2011. 14 2007.
- Food Bacteria-Spice Survey Shows Why Some Cultures Like It Hot, ScienceDaily (March 5, 1998).
- Grunberg, Bernard (n°322, July-August 2007). «La folle aventure d'Hernan Cortés». 'L'Histoire (on subscription) (.) n°322: 22.
- Historic and contemporary political and physical maps of California, including early exploration. University of San Francisco. 24 2011. 14 2007.
- Mayne, Richard J. History of Europe. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 24 2011. 17 2010.
- Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. Columbia University. 24 2011. 4 2010.
- Eccles, W.J. Jacques Cartier. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 24 2011. 17 2010.
- Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo. San Diego Historical Society. 17 2010.
- Maize Streak Virus-Resistant Transgenic Maize: an African solution to an African Problem. www.scitizen.com. 24 2011. 14 2010.
- (on subscription) The Cabot Dilemma: John Cabot's 1497 Voyage & the Limits of Historiography. Derek Croxton, University of Virginia. 15 2010.
- The European Voyages of Exploration. The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary. 24 2011. 22 2010.
- The Lost Fort of Columbus. Smithsonian Magazine. 24 2011. 14 2010.
- The Perfilyevs family. VSP.ru. 24 2011. 19 2010. (.)
- Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa, Researchnews, The Ohio State University (May 24, 2006).
- Willem Barentsz and the Northeast passage. University Library of Tromsø - The Northern Lights Route. 24 2011. 18 2010.
|
[]
- Brook, Timothy en:Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World. Bloomsbury Press, 2007 reissue. ISBN 1596914440
- Cipolla, Carlo European Culture and Overseas Expansion. Pelican, London, 1970.
- DeVoto, Bernard The Course of Empire. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 19521998 reissue. ISBN 0395924987
- Diamond Jared , . Vintage, 1998. ISBN 0099302780
- Hall Robert L. Savoring Africa in the New World. In Seeds of Change: Five Hundred Years Since Columbus. Herman J. Viola and Carolyn Margolis, eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991. ISBN 9781560980360
- Love, Ronald S. Maritime Exploration in the Age of Discovery, 14151800. Greenwood Press, 2006. ISBN 0313320438
- Rice Eugene, F., Jr The Foundations of Early Modern Europe: 14601559. W.W. Norton & Co., (1970/1994). ISBN 0393963047
- Wright, John K. (March 1947). «Terrae Incognitae: The Place of the Imagination in Geography». Annals of the Association of American Geographers 37 (1): 115.
[]
|
|
| |
| | | | |
 |
| |
| | | | - | | | | | | - | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
 |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
|
| . |
|
.jpg)
