| 2H5OH | |
| 2H6O | |
| H3H2OH | |
| (. .) | |
| . . | 46.069 . . . |
| 46.069 / | |
| 0.7893 /³ | |
| 22,39×103 / 20 °C / | |
| -114.3 °C | |
| 78.4 °C | |
| 13 °C | |
| 363 °C | |
| 3,28 18,95 % | |
| -114.3 °C, ? | |
| 241 °C, 63 | |
| (. .) | 1.197 /(·) |
| (. .) | 234,8 / |
| pKa | 15.9 |
| /100 | |
| 1.3611 | |
| () 1,69 | |
| . CAS | [64-17-5] |
| SMILES | CCO |
| 50 | 10 300 / |
| , | |
́ (́ , ́, ́ , «» ́) C2H5OH ( C2H6O), : CH3-CH2-OH, , , , .
, [1].
|
|
[]
[]
- C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, / , .
[]
:
- ( , ), , . .
- . . -, , .
- . .
- . .
, () , 95,6 %. , :
- 1
[]
[]
- CH2=CH2 + H2O C2H5OH.
- CH2=CH2 + H2SO4 CH3-CH2-OSO2OH ( ).
- CH3-CH2-OSO2OH + H2O C2H5OH + H2SO4.
[]
, , - , . , . 95,6 % (.); 4,4 % (.) 78,15 °C.
, ( ).
[]
, . 78,39 °C, -, 4,43 % , 78,15 °C. , , .[2]
[]
[]
: . . . : 95,57 % . , , 3 4- .
| 46,069 . . . | |
| 114,15 °C | |
| 78,15 °C | |
| 241 °C ( 6,3 ) | |
| , , , , , , , | |
| 1,3611
( 4,0·104, 1030 °C) |
|
| ΔH | 234,8 / () ( 298 ) |
| S | 281,38 /·K () ( 298 ) |
| Cp | 1,197 /·K () ( 298 ) |
| ΔH | 4,81 / |
| ΔH | 839,3 / |
| , °C | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 |
| ρ, /³ | 0,8062 | 0,7979 | 0,7893 | 0,7810 | 0,7722 | 0,7632 | 0,7541 |
| C2H5OH, % | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 |
| ρ, /³ | 0,99636 | 0,99453 | 0,99103 | 0,98780 | 0,98478 | 0,98187 | 0,97910 | 0,97643 | 0,97387 |
| C2H5OH, % | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 35 | 40 |
| ρ, /³ | 0,97129 | 0,96864 | 0,96592 | 0,96312 | 0,96020 | 0,95710 | 0,95382 | 0,94494 | 0,93518 |
| C2H5OH, % | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 |
| nD20 | 1,3396 | 1,3470 | 1,3535 | 1,3580 | 1,3612 | 1,3633 | 1,3646 | 1,3649 | 1,3642 | 1,3613 |
| , °C | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 |
| σ, / | 2,405·102 | 2,314·102 | 2,203·102 | 2,148·102 | 2,020·102 | 1,980·102 | 1,843·102 |
| , ( . .) | 0,133(1) | 0,667(5) | 1,333(10) | 2,666(20) | 5,333(40) |
| T, °C | 31,3 | 12,0 | 2,3 | 8,0 | 19,0 |
| , ( . .) | 7,999(60) | 13,333(100) | 26,66(200) | 53,33(400) | 101,32(760) |
| T, °C | 26,0 | 34,9 | 48,4 | 63,5 | 78,4 |
(: http://www.anchem.ru/forum/read.asp?id=573 ):[ ?]
|
. % |
/³ |
. % |
°C |
| 2,50 | 0,9936 | 2,52 | 1,00 |
| 4,80 | 0,9897 | 4,85 | 2,00 |
| 6,80 | 0,9866 | 6,89 | 3,00 |
| 11,3 | 0,9801 | 11,53 | 5,00 |
| 13,8 | 0,9767 | 14,13 | 6,10 |
| 16,4 | 0,9733 | 16,85 | 7,50 |
| 17,5 | 0,9719 | 18,01 | 8,70 |
| 18,8 | 0,9702 | 19,38 | 9,40 |
| 20,3 | 0,9682 | 20,97 | 10,6 |
| 22,1 | 0,9658 | 22,88 | 12,2 |
| 24,2 | 0,9628 | 25,13 | 14,0 |
| 26,7 | 0,9591 | 27,84 | 16,0 |
| 29,9 | 0,9540 | 31,34 | 18,9 |
| 33,8 | 0,9472 | 35,68 | 23,6 |
| 39.0 | 0,9372 | 41,61 | 28,7 |
| 46,3 | 0,9219 | 50,22 | 33,9 |
| 56,1 | 0,9001 | 62,33 | 41,0 |
| 71,9 | 0,8631 | 83,30 | 51,3 |
[]
- 2C2H5OH + 2 = 225 + 2.
- RCOOH + HOCH2CH3 RCOOCH2CH3 + H2O
- 2 CH3CH2OH CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + H2O
- C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O
- CH3CH2OH + NaH CH3CH2ONa + H2
- CH3CH2OH + NaOH CH3CH2ONa + H2O
- CH3CH2OH + HCl CH3CH2Cl + H2O
[]
[]
, . . (, «-2»), . () . -- , , .
[]
[]
[]
[]
, (, , , .). , , (, , , .). (0,12 %), , , 1 %. 13 % ( 4,5 %), 0,5 1,2% [5].
. , .[6]
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, . ethanolrfa.org.
| 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010est | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 362 | 16 117 | 19 946 | 24 565 | 34 776 | 40 068 | 45 360[8] | |
| 15 078 | 15 978 | 16 977 | 18 972,58 | 24 464,9 | |||
| - | - | - | 2 155,73 | 2773 | |||
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1 837,08 | 1 897,18 | |||
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199,58 | 249,48 | |||
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|
609 | 536 | 517 | 700 | |
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299,37 | 339,4 | |||
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283,12 | 299,37 | |||
| : | 40 710 | 45 927 | 50 989 | 49 524,42[9] | 65 527,05 |
[]
| . |
:
| 24%- /, 2%- | |
| 28 2012 , 85%- / (E85) | |
| 10%- | |
| 2 % 2005, 5,75 % 2010 ( + ) | |
| 3 2010 | |
| 5%- 2010 | |
| 10%- , 5%- 2007 | |
| 10%- 2005 | |
| , | 10%- 2005 |
| 5%- 2010 [10] | |
| 3%- | |
| 20 % 2017 ( + )[11] | |
| 10%- | |
| 5 % 2008 ( + ) | |
| 10 % 2010 ( + ) | |
| 5%- 2008 , 10 % 2010 | |
| 5,75 % 2009 ( + ). 10 % 2020 | |
| 10 % 2020 | |
| 2 % | |
| 3,2 % ( + ) 2012 [12]. |
« », 2005 , 2012 30 3,8 ( , , ).
2006 . :
- 160231 , 20000 ;
- $6,7 ;
- $2,7 $2,3 ;
2006 2,15 , 20,5 % . . 15 % .
2006 12 . 7580 % , 1820 % 35 % .
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,3 . | 2,7 . | 3,1 | 3,6 . | 5,8 . | 7,3 . | 9,0 . | 12 . | 20 . |
2005 30 % . 2006 . 110 19 . 18,52 , 25 % , 2005 . 2000 . 300 %.
2006 15 . 3990 . 2007 . 73 , 8 . 2009 23 44 .
2005 20 % .
[] ,
. . 85 85 % 15 % .
, , 85. «Flex-Fuel». «». . , , .
2005 5 Flex-Fuel . 2006 . 6 Flex-Fuel . 230 .
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( 0,19 2006 .) [2].
[]
2006 8 ( 2 ), 1,21 .
[]
[]
, , [15]. , , ,[16] , ,[17] [18], [19]. (Nucleus accumbens), ( 10).[20] , , 1988 [21]. ( 4-12 ).
, [22], [23], [24], [25] [26], - .
25 . , « »[27].
[33], [] .
[]
- C >99,9 %.
- .
[]
. . , , , .
[] «»
, . ( -) (-OH), .
[] «»
. الكحل -, , [34], [35], .[36].
«» . alkohol. , , «» « ». [37].
[] «»
. spiritus vini. «» . spirit.[38]
«» 13 , 1610 «» , «spiritus» () [39] 1670- « ». [40], [41].
. «».
[]
- Chastain G (2006). «Alcohol, neurotransmitter systems, and behavior». The Journal of general psychology 133 (4). DOI:10.3200/GENP.133.4.329-335. PMID 17128954.
- « » .
- ,
- Flomenbaum, Goldfrank et al. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 8th Edition. McGraw Hill, 2006. . 1465. 2170 . ISBN 0071437630
- [1] . 52409-2005 ( )
- Russell, Nicholas J. Food preservatives. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2003. P. 198. ISBN 0-306-47736-X
- E1510
- 2008 Ethanol Production Exceeds 9 Billion Gallons
- Ethanol World Production Statistics
- Ottawa to push ethanol, despite concerns
- India Sets Target of 20 % Biofuels by 2017
- Ivan Castano Mexican Biofuels Seen Meeting 3 % Blending Target In 2012 2 2011
- 29 2007 . N 964 . « 234 , 234 »
- 26 22.11.1995 N 171- (. 05.04.2010) (+)
- .
- Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms published by the World Health Organization. 3 2012. 21 2011.
- . 3 2012. 21 2011.
- . . ., . ., .. . : , 1983. . 161162. 432 . 80 000 .
- . ., . ., . . . . 2008. . 2130.
- Alcohol Consumption Induces Endogenous Opioid Release in the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex and Nucleus Accumbens - Mitchell et all. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002902, Sci Transl Med, 11 2012
- , , . 3 2012. 21 2011.
- . . . , , , , // « ». 2003. . 5. № 2.
- Park CW, Kim A, Cha SW, Jung SH, Yang HW, Lee YJ, Lee HIe, Kim SH, Kim YH A case of phlegmonous gastritis associated with marked gastric distension () // PMID: 20981225. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.: 2010. ISSN 18385738.
- Murakami K, Okimoto T, Kodama M, Tanahashi J, Mizukami K, Shuto M, Abe H, Arita T, Fujioka T. Comparison of the efficacy of irsogladine maleate and famotidine for the healing of gastric ulcers after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a randomized, controlled, prospective study () // PMID: 21073372. Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.: 2010. ISSN 18385738.
- Ott JJ, Ullrich A, Mascarenhas M, Stevens GA. Global cancer incidence and mortality caused by behavior and infection () // PMID: 20935133. World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland: 2010. ISSN 20935133.
- Olokoba AB, Obateru OA. Oesophageal carcinoma--a report of two cases and review of literature () // PMID: 20836328. Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria.: 2009. ISSN 20836328.
- Fillmore KM, Stockwell T, Chikritzhs T, Bostrom A, Kerr W Moderate Alcohol Use and Reduced Mortality Risk: Systematic Error in Prospective Studies and New Hypotheses // Ann Epidemiol. 2007. . 17. . S16-23.
- 1 2 Muneer PM, Alikunju S, Szlachetka AM, Haorah J. Inhibitory effects of alcohol on glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier leads to neurodegeneration: preventive role of acetyl-L: -carnitine () // Psychopharmacology. 2010. ISSN 18385738.
«Evidence shows that alcohol intake causes oxidative neuronal injury and neurocognitive deficits that are distinct from the classical Wernicke-Korsakoff neuropathy. Our previous findings indicated that alcohol-elicited blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage leads to neuroinflammation and neuronal loss». - Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ (2009). «Tests of causal links between alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression». Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66 (3): 2606. DOI:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.543. PMID 19255375.
- Falk DE, Yi HY, Hilton ME (2008). «Age of onset and temporal sequencing of lifetime DSM-IV alcohol use disorders relative to comorbid mood and anxiety disorders». Drug Alcohol Depend 94 (13): 23445. DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.022. PMID 18215474.
- Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP (2007). «A comparison of factors associated with substance-induced versus independent depressions». J Stud Alcohol Drugs 68 (6): 80512. PMID 17960298.
- George E. Vaillant The natural history of alcoholism revisited (eng) (1995).
- Online Etymology Dictionary
- .
- The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins. Alcohol
- . . . 21 2011. 24 2009.
- - .
- Online Etymology Dictionary
- Online Etymology Dictionary
[] .
[]
| ? |
| (0°) | |
|---|---|
| (1°) | : (C8) · (C9) · (C10) · (C11) · (C12) · (C14) · (C16) |
| (2°) | · 2- · 2- |
| (3°) | - · 2--2- |
| (6696 %) | |
|---|---|
| (3165 %) | |
| (930 %) | ̸ Ѹ () |
| (1,58 %) | |


