GNU Free Documentation License . .

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2H5OH
2H6O
H3H2OH
(. .)
. . 46.069 . . .
46.069 /
0.7893 /³
22,39×103 / 20 °C /
-114.3 °C
78.4 °C
13 °C
363 °C
3,28 18,95 %
-114.3 °C, ?
241 °C, 63
(. .) 1.197 /(·)
(. .) 234,8 /
pKa 15.9
 /100 
1.3611
() 1,69 
.  CAS [64-17-5]
SMILES CCO
50 10 300 /
,

́ (́ , ́, ́ , «» ́) C2H5OH ( C2H6O), : CH3-CH2-OH, , , , .

, [1].

, .

[]

2 ( ) ( ):

[]

, (, . .) . , , , , - . , :

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2.

, , 15 % , . , .

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, / , .

[]

:

  • ( , ), , . .
  • . . -, , .
  • . .
  • . .

, , - , .

, () , 95,6 %. , :

  • 1

30 000100 000 .

[]

, (, ), . . , ( ) .

[]

, , . :

  • 300 °C, 7 , , , :
CH2=CH2 + H2O C2H5OH.
  • , ( 8090 ° 3,5 ):
CH2=CH2 + H2SO4 CH3-CH2-OSO2OH ( ).
CH3-CH2-OSO2OH + H2O C2H5OH + H2SO4.

.

[]

, , - , . , . 95,6 % (.); 4,4 % (.) 78,15 °C.

, ( ).

[]

, . 78,39 °C, -, 4,43 % , 78,15 °C. , , .[2]

[]

[]

: . . . : 95,57 % . , , 3 4- .

[   324 ]
46,069 . . .
114,15 °C
78,15 °C
241 °C ( 6,3 )
, , , , , , ,
1,3611

( 4,0·104, 1030 °C)

ΔH 234,8 / () ( 298 )
S 281,38 /·K () ( 298 )
Cp 1,197 /·K () ( 298 )
ΔH 4,81 /
ΔH 839,3 /
[   324 ]
, °C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
ρ, /³ 0,8062 0,7979 0,7893 0,7810 0,7722 0,7632 0,7541
20 °C[   324 ]
C2H5OH, % 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
ρ, /³ 0,99636 0,99453 0,99103 0,98780 0,98478 0,98187 0,97910 0,97643 0,97387
C2H5OH, % 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40
ρ, /³ 0,97129 0,96864 0,96592 0,96312 0,96020 0,95710 0,95382 0,94494 0,93518
20 °C[   324 ]
C2H5OH, % 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
nD20 1,3396 1,3470 1,3535 1,3580 1,3612 1,3633 1,3646 1,3649 1,3642 1,3613
[   324 ]
, °C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
σ, / 2,405·102 2,314·102 2,203·102 2,148·102 2,020·102 1,980·102 1,843·102
[   324 ]
, ( . .) 0,133(1) 0,667(5) 1,333(10) 2,666(20) 5,333(40)
T, °C 31,3 12,0 2,3 8,0 19,0
, ( . .) 7,999(60) 13,333(100) 26,66(200) 53,33(400) 101,32(760)
T, °C 26,0 34,9 48,4 63,5 78,4

95,57 % + 4,43 % , . . .

(: http://www.anchem.ru/forum/read.asp?id=573 ):[ ?]



. %



. %


°C
2,50 0,9936 2,52 1,00
4,80 0,9897 4,85 2,00
6,80 0,9866 6,89 3,00
11,3 0,9801 11,53 5,00
13,8 0,9767 14,13 6,10
16,4 0,9733 16,85 7,50
17,5 0,9719 18,01 8,70
18,8 0,9702 19,38 9,40
20,3 0,9682 20,97 10,6
22,1 0,9658 22,88 12,2
24,2 0,9628 25,13 14,0
26,7 0,9591 27,84 16,0
29,9 0,9540 31,34 18,9
33,8 0,9472 35,68 23,6
39.0 0,9372 41,61 28,7
46,3 0,9219 50,22 33,9
56,1 0,9001 62,33 41,0
71,9 0,8631 83,30 51,3

[]

( ) .

2C2H5OH + 2 = 225 + 2.

:

RCOOH + HOCH2CH3 RCOOCH2CH3 + H2O

( 120 °C) :

2 CH3CH2OH CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + H2O

:

C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O

:

CH3CH2OH + NaH CH3CH2ONa + H2
CH3CH2OH + NaOH CH3CH2ONa + H2O

:

CH3CH2OH + HCl CH3CH2Cl + H2O

[]

[]

, . . (, «-2»), . () . -- , , .

[]

  • , , , , , , , , .;
  • ( , );
  • ;
  • , . .

[]

, .
  • ;
  • , ;
  • 96%- ;
  • , , .;
  • ( 18 %);
  • , ;
  • ;
  • ( )[3];
  • ;
  • 33 % ;
  • , . , , (, ) , ( , /) ( , )[4].

[]

, , . . , , , , . .

[]

, (, , , .). , , (, , , .). (0,12 %), , , 1 %. 13 % ( 4,5 %),   0,5 1,2% [5].

. , .[6]

E1510[7].

7,1 /.

[]

, . ethanolrfa.org.

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010est
13 362 16 117 19 946 24 565 34 776 40 068 45 360[8]
15 078 15 978 16 977 18 972,58 24 464,9
- - - 2 155,73 2773
3 643
3 795
3 845
1 837,08 1 897,18
1 746
1 697
1 897
199,58 249,48
827
907
948
- -
268
430
764
- -
760
860
608
609 536 517 700
415
389
387
- -
400
351
279
- -
298
298
463
- -
279
298
352
299,37 339,4
-
-
279
283,12 299,37
: 40 710 45 927 50 989 49 524,42[9] 65 527,05

[]

:

24%- /, 2%-
28 2012 , 85%- / (E85)
10%-
2 % 2005, 5,75 % 2010 ( + )
3 2010
5%- 2010
10%- , 5%- 2007
10%- 2005
, 10%- 2005
5%- 2010 [10]
3%-
20 % 2017 ( + )[11]
10%-
5 % 2008 ( + )
10 % 2010 ( + )
5%- 2008 , 10 % 2010
5,75 % 2009 ( + ). 10 % 2020
10 % 2020
2 %
3,2 % ( + ) 2012 [12].

« », 2005 , 2012 30 3,8 ( , , ).

40 ( ):

  • 142 . ;
  • 41 , 694 ;
  • 510 ;
  • 19,6 . ;
  • 1,2 ;
  • 13,3 % ;

2006 . :

  • 160231 , 20000 ;
  • $6,7 ;
  • $2,7 $2,3 ;

2006 2,15 , 20,5 % . . 15 % .

2006 12 . 7580 % , 1820 % 35 % .

, .

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2020
2,3 . 2,7 . 3,1 3,6 . 5,8 . 7,3 . 9,0 . 12 . 20 .

2005 30 % . 2006 . 110 19 . 18,52 , 25 % , 2005 . 2000 . 300 %.

2006 15 . 3990 . 2007 . 73 , 8 . 2009 23 44 .

2005 20 % .

, . .

[] ,

. . 85 85 % 15 % .

20 % . 10 % . , 20 % , .

, , 85. «Flex-Fuel». «». . , , .

2005 5 Flex-Fuel . 2006 . 6 Flex-Fuel . 230 .

1200 85 ( 2007). 170 000 .

29 000 .

[]

( 0,19 2006 .) [2].

[]

. , CO2, .

2006 8 ( 2 ), 1,21 .

[]

.

[]

, , [15]. , , ,[16] , ,[17] [18], [19]. (Nucleus accumbens), ( 10).[20] , , 1988 [21]. ( 4-12 ).

, [22], [23], [24], [25] [26], - .

25 . , « »[27].

[28], - [28].

[29][30][31] [32].

[33], [] . [   186 ]

[]

  • (, -) , 95,57 %, C2H5OH. 18300-72 ( , , ) 5964-82; 5964-93. «» :
  • C >99,9 %.
  • .

[]

. . , , , .

[] «»

, . ( -) (-OH), .

[] «»

. الكحل -, , [34], [35], .[36].

«» . alkohol. , , «» « ». [37].

[] «»

. spiritus vini. «» . spirit.[38]

«» 13 , 1610 «» , «spiritus» () [39] 1670- « ». [40], [41].

. «».

[]

  1. Chastain G (2006). «Alcohol, neurotransmitter systems, and behavior». The Journal of general psychology 133 (4). DOI:10.3200/GENP.133.4.329-335. PMID 17128954.
  2. « » .
  3. ,
  4. Flomenbaum, Goldfrank et al. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 8th Edition.  McGraw Hill, 2006.  . 1465.  2170 .  ISBN 0071437630
  5. [1] . 52409-2005 ( )
  6. Russell, Nicholas J. Food preservatives.  New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2003.  P. 198.  ISBN 0-306-47736-X
  7. E1510
  8. 2008 Ethanol Production Exceeds 9 Billion Gallons
  9. Ethanol World Production Statistics
  10. Ottawa to push ethanol, despite concerns
  11. India Sets Target of 20 % Biofuels by 2017
  12. Ivan Castano Mexican Biofuels Seen Meeting 3 % Blending Target In 2012 2 2011
  13. 29 2007 . N 964 . « 234 , 234 »
  14. 26 22.11.1995 N 171- (. 05.04.2010) (+)
  15. .
  16. Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms published by the World Health Organization. 3 2012. 21 2011.
  17. . 3 2012. 21 2011.
  18. . . ., . ., .. .  : , 1983.  . 161162.  432 .  80 000 .
  19. . ., . ., . . . .  2008.  . 2130.
  20. Alcohol Consumption Induces Endogenous Opioid Release in the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex and Nucleus Accumbens - Mitchell et all. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002902, Sci Transl Med, 11 2012
  21. , , . 3 2012. 21 2011.
  22. . . . , , , , // « ». 2003. . 5. № 2.
  23. Park CW, Kim A, Cha SW, Jung SH, Yang HW, Lee YJ, Lee HIe, Kim SH, Kim YH A case of phlegmonous gastritis associated with marked gastric distension () // PMID: 20981225. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.: 2010. ISSN 18385738.
  24. Murakami K, Okimoto T, Kodama M, Tanahashi J, Mizukami K, Shuto M, Abe H, Arita T, Fujioka T. Comparison of the efficacy of irsogladine maleate and famotidine for the healing of gastric ulcers after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a randomized, controlled, prospective study () // PMID: 21073372. Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.: 2010. ISSN 18385738.
  25. Ott JJ, Ullrich A, Mascarenhas M, Stevens GA. Global cancer incidence and mortality caused by behavior and infection () // PMID: 20935133. World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland: 2010. ISSN 20935133.
  26. Olokoba AB, Obateru OA. Oesophageal carcinoma--a report of two cases and review of literature () // PMID: 20836328. Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria.: 2009. ISSN 20836328.
  27. Fillmore KM, Stockwell T, Chikritzhs T, Bostrom A, Kerr W Moderate Alcohol Use and Reduced Mortality Risk: Systematic Error in Prospective Studies and New Hypotheses // Ann Epidemiol. 2007. . 17. . S16-23.
  28. 1 2 Muneer PM, Alikunju S, Szlachetka AM, Haorah J. Inhibitory effects of alcohol on glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier leads to neurodegeneration: preventive role of acetyl-L: -carnitine () // Psychopharmacology. 2010. ISSN 18385738.
    «Evidence shows that alcohol intake causes oxidative neuronal injury and neurocognitive deficits that are distinct from the classical Wernicke-Korsakoff neuropathy. Our previous findings indicated that alcohol-elicited blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage leads to neuroinflammation and neuronal loss».
  29. Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ (2009). «Tests of causal links between alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression». Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66 (3): 2606. DOI:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.543. PMID 19255375.
  30. Falk DE, Yi HY, Hilton ME (2008). «Age of onset and temporal sequencing of lifetime DSM-IV alcohol use disorders relative to comorbid mood and anxiety disorders». Drug Alcohol Depend 94 (13): 23445. DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.022. PMID 18215474.
  31. Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP (2007). «A comparison of factors associated with substance-induced versus independent depressions». J Stud Alcohol Drugs 68 (6): 80512. PMID 17960298.
  32. George E. Vaillant The natural history of alcoholism revisited (eng) (1995).
  33. Online Etymology Dictionary
  34. .
  35. The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins. Alcohol
  36. . . . 21 2011. 24 2009.
  37. - .
  38. Online Etymology Dictionary
  39. Online Etymology Dictionary

[] .

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