GNU Free Documentation License . .

Bluetooth

: ,
Bluetooth
BluetoothLogo.svg
( OSI):

[   196 ]
:

1994 .[1] .
:

100 ( I)
:

IEEE 802.15.1
:

Bluetooth SIG

Bluetooth (/bluːtuːθ/, , I [2][3])  (. Wireless personal area network, WPAN). Bluetooth (, , ), , , , , , , , , , .

Bluetooth , 200 ( ), .

, Bluetooth

[]

Bluetooth  «Blåtand» («»). I, X . , Bluetooth , [4][5][6]. «blå» «», « ». , Harald Blåtand Harald Blacktooth, Harald Bluetooth.

Bluetooth («») : «»  H-rune.gif (Hagall)  H «»  Runic letter berkanan.svg (Berkanan)  B. Beauknit Textiles, Beauknit. K «Beauknit», , .

[]

Bluetooth Bluetooth Special Interest Group (Bluetooth SIG)[2][7], 1998 . Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba Nokia. Bluetooth SIG IEEE , Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1 (   14 2002 ). Bluetooth Ericsson Mobile Communication 1994 . FLYWAY .

, , ,
1 100 20 100
2 2,5 4 10
3 1 0 1

AIRcable Bluetooth- Host XR 30 .

[] Bluetooth

. Bluetooth ISM- (. Industry, Science and Medicine), ( 2,4-2,4835 )[8][9]. Bluetooth [10] (. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum, FHSS). FHSS , , .

FHSS, Bluetooth 1600 [7] ( 79 1 , , ́  23 ). , 625 ( ) . , -, . : . (64 / ) : ( ), .

Bluetooth «point-to-point», «point-to-multipoint»[7].

[]

[] Bluetooth 1.0

1.0 (1998) 1.0B . 1.0 1.0B (BD_ADDR) , .

[] Bluetooth 1.1

Bluetooth 1.1 , 1.0B, , (RSSI).

[] Bluetooth 1.2

1.2 (AFH), () . eSCO, . HCI - UART.

:

  • .
  • (AFH), .
  • , 1.1, , 721 /.
  • (eSCO), , , , .
  • Host Controller Interface (HCI) UART.
  • IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2005[11].
  • (Flow Control) (Retransmission Modes) L2CAP.

[] Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR

Bluetooth 2.0 10 2004 . 1.x. Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) . EDR 3 /, 2,1 /. [12].

() GFSK- 1 /. EDR GFSK PSK , π/4-DQPSK 8DPSK.   2 3 M/ [13].

Bluetooth SIG « Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR», , EDR . EDR 2.0 , « Bluetooth 2.0», . , HTC TyTN Pocket PC, «Bluetooth 2.0 EDR» [14].

2.0 + EDR , EDR :

  • 3 (2,1 /) .
  • - .
  • .

[] Bluetooth 2.1

2007 . ( ), Sniff Subrating, 310 . , , , Near Field Communication.

[] Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR

2008 Bluetooth SIG 2.1+EDR. Bluetooth 5 , Bluetooth- .

[] Bluetooth 3.0 + HS

3.0 + HS [13] Bluetooth SIG 21 2009 . 24 /. Ÿ AMP ( ) ( MAC/PHY), 802.11 . AMP: 802.11 UWB, UWB [15].

: 3 / ( Bluetooth 2.0) ; 802.11 24 / ( Wi-Fi). . ,   . Bluetooth 3.0 802.11 ( ), Wi-Fi, 802.11b/g 802.11n.

[] Bluetooth 4.0

: Bluetooth

2009 Bluetooth SIG Bluetooth 4.0[9][16]. , , ( , , ,  . .).

Bluetooth 4.0 . , CR2032 [9]. 1 / 827 . Bluetooth- 5 100 . , 128- AES-.

, , ,  . . : , ,  . .

Bluetooth 3.0 Bluetooth 4.0 ST-Ericsson 2009 . Bluetooth- ( 2011 ).

20 2011 , Apple MacBook Air, Mac mini Bluetooth 4.0.

4 2011 Apple iPhone 4S, Bluetooth 4.0.

7 2012 Apple iPad Bluetooth 4.0.[17][18]

1 2012 HTC HTC One (X, S, V) Bluetooth 4.0

3 2012 Samsung Samsung Galaxy S III Bluetooth 4.0

[] Bluetooth

  , Bluetooth. Bluetooth- , .

Bluetooth SIG:

  • Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)  , , , . Sub_Band_Codec (SBC) MPEG-1,2 , MPEG-2,4 AAC ATRAC, , .[19]
  • Audio / Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP)  , Hi-Fi . . A2DP VDPT.
  • Basic Imaging Profile (BIP)  .
  • Basic Printing Profile (BPP)  , e-mails, vCard . , HCRP.
  • Common ISDN Access Profile (CIP)  ISDN.
  • Cordless Telephony Profile (CTP)  .
  • Device ID Profile (DIP)  , , .
  • Dial-up Networking Profile (DUN)  Bluetooth. SPP, PPP AT, ETSI 07.07.
  • Fax Profile (FAX)  . AT- ITU T.31 / ITU T.32. .
  • General Audio / Video Distribution Profile (GAVDP)  A2DP VDP.
  • Generic Object Exchange Profile (GOEP)  , OBEX.
  • Hard Copy Cable Replacement Profile (HCRP)  . , , .
  • Hands-Free Profile (HFP)  , .
  • Human Interface Device Profile (HID)  HID (Human Interface Device), , , . , .
  • Headset Profile (HSP)  (Headset) . AT- GSM 07.07 , , , . Headset, Bluetooth 1.2 , . , , mp3- , , . , , , Hands-Free.
  • Intercom Profile (ICP)  Bluetooth- .
  • LAN Access Profile (LAP)  Bluetooth- LAN, WAN Bluetooth-, . Bluetooth- PPP RFCOMM . LAP ad-hoc Bluetooth-.
  • Object Push Profile (OPP)  «», , . (), ().
  • Personal Area Networking Profile (PAN)  Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Bluetooth-.
  • Phone Book Access Profile (PBAP)  .
  • Serial Port Profile (SPP)  ETSI TS07.10 RFCOMM. , RS-232 . DUN, FAX, HSP AVRCP.
  • Service Discovery Application Profile (SDAP)  , -.
  • SIM Access Profile (SAP, SIM)  SIM- , SIM- .
  • Synchronisation Profile (SYNCH)  (PIM). Bluetooth SIG.
  • Video Distribution Profile (VDP)  . H.263, MPEG-4 Visual Simple Profile, H.263 profiles 3, profile 8 .
  • Wireless Application Protocol Bearer (WAPB)  P-to-P (Point-to-Point) Bluetooth.

[]

2006 [20] [21], bluetooth-. , , PIN . «» (sniffing) (spoofing). , . . . , . ,   . - . bluetooth-.

[] bluetooth-

, bluetooth, . Ÿ :

  • Kinit
  • ( link key , Kab)

.

(PAIRING),   ( ) Kinit, . bluetooth « ».

PIN-. : PIN-.

. . A B, , (Master),   (Slave). A , B  . Kinit , PIN-.

Kinit E22, :

  • BD_ADDR  MAC- BT-. 48 ( MAC-, )
  • PIN-
  • IN_RAND. 128-

E22 128- , Kinit. IN_RAND A . , PIN , Kinit BD_ADDR, . PIN-, BD_ADDR(B)  slave-. . Kab. Kinit .

Kab 128- LK_RAND(A) LK_RAND(B), . XOR Kinit. . E21.

:

  • BD_ADDR
  • 128- LK_RAND ( )

pairing bluetooth  Mutual authentication . «-». , AU_RAND(A) ( plain text), (claimant  ). «», SRES E1, . . SRES , , , , , .

E1- :

  • AU_RAND
  • link key Kab
  • BD_ADDR

[]

[] pairing ( )

, :

№ ()
1 A B IN_RAND 128 plaintext
2 A B LK_RAND(A) 128 XORed with Kinit
3 B A LK_RAND(B) 128 XORed with Kinit
4 A B AU_RAND(A) 128 plaintext
5 B A SRES 32 plaintext
6 B A AU_RAND(B) 128 plaintext
7 A B SRES 32 plaintext

: , . PIN , .

. IN_RAND ( ) BD_ADDR (, ) E22. PIN. Kinit. :

Kinit = E22[IN_RAND, BD_ADDR(B), PIN'] PIN'  PIN-

, 2 3 XOR Kinit. , LK_RAND(A) LK_RAND(B) . Kab, :

LK_K(A) = E21[BD_ADDR(A), LK_RAND(A)] LK_K(A|B) 

LK_K(B) = E21[BD_ADDR(B), LK_RAND(B)]

Kab = LK_K(A) XOR LK_K(B)

PIN. Kab AU_RAND(A) SRES(A).

SRES(A)', 5:

SRES(A) = E1[AU_RAND(A), Kab, BD_ADDR(B)]

SRES(A) == SRES(A)'  PIN . PIN'.

, , (Ollie Whitehouse) 2004 . PIN , . , : , . , - , .

[] Re-pairing ( )

, . . , . . ( ). pairing .

. , , Kab Mutual authentication. pairing. , bluetooth- . :

  • pairing . Master- AU_RAND SRES. . slave «LMP_not_accepted», master .   AU_RAND master- LMP_not_accepted. master pairing. .
  • IN_RAND slave- master- AU_RAND, slave , master . , slave.
  • master- AU_RAND SRES. . ( ). , master- , ( ) .[22]

, . , , PIN-. PIN- . , , bluetooth, . . : .

, «» link key, pairing, , , PIN.

[] PIN-

Bluetooth E22, E21, E1, SAFER+. , , (Bruce Schneier). PINa . Pentium IV HT 3 :

() ()
4 0,063
5 0,75
6 7,609

. : , , . PIN- . , , , bluetooth. ( nVidia CUDA) .

PIN- . .   bluetooth- handsfree. ( ) , . , , , .

[]

[]

BT2 15 , BT1 100 ( ). , 1020 . . , , Defcon-2004 - BlueSniper, (John Herington).   / ( 1,5 ).

[]

[] .

[]

  1. Bluetooth traveler. www.hoovers.com. 2010-06-04/lang=en.
  2. 1 2 About the Bluetooth SIG  (.). Bluetooth SIG. 20 2008. (   )
  3. Jim Kardach. How Bluetooth got its name  (.). United Business Media (3 2008). 24 2011. 20 2008.
  4. Monson, Heidi Bluetooth Technology and Implications. SysOpt.com (14  1999). 24 2011. 17 2009.
  5. About the Bluetooth SIG. Bluetooth SIG. 1 2008.(   )
  6. Kardach, Jim How Bluetooth got its name (3  2008). 24 2011. 24 2009.
  7. 1 2 3 . .  .: , 2005.  592 .  ISBN 5-94836-049-0
  8. Soltanian A., Van Dyck R.E. Performance of the Bluetooth system in fading dispersive channelsand interference // IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2001 (GLOBECOM '01). . 34993503.
  9. 1 2 3 BLUETOOTH SIG Introduces BLUETOOTH Low Energy Wireless Technology, the Next Generation BLUETOOTH Wireless Technology  (.). . 16 2010.(   )
  10. . . «-» 8(82) ( 2002). 24 2011. 15 2010.
  11. IEEE Std 802.15.1-2005  IEEE Standard for Information technology  Telecommunications and information exchange between systems  Local and metropolitan area networks  Specific requirements Part 15.1: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
  12. Guy Kewney High speed Bluetooth comes a step closer: enhanced data rate approved. Newswireless.net (16  2004). 24 2011. 4 2008.
  13. 1 2 Specification Documents. Bluetooth SIG. 4 2008. (   )
  14. HTC TyTN Specification (PDF). HTC. 4 2008.
  15. David Meyer Bluetooth 3.0 released without ultrawideband. zdnet.co.uk (22  2009). 24 2011. 22 2009.
  16. Bluetooth 4.0 . CNews (10 2009). 24 2011. 17 2010.
  17. iPad . Apple.  ???.
  18. -: - iPad.  ??? (???).  ???.
  19. http://www.bluetooth.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/A2DP_SPEC_V12.pdf
  20. Prof. Avishai Wool
  21. Yaniv Shaked, Avishai Wool (2005-05-02). «Cracking the Bluetooth PIN» (School of Electrical Engineering Systems, Tel Aviv University). 2010-06-04.
  22. . , , 100 % .

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