GNU Free Documentation License . .

JavaScript

: ,
Java.
JavaScript
JavaScript-logo.png
:

: -, , , , -, -,

:

, - Java[1], JIT [2]
:

1995
():

:

1.8.5 (2009)
:

1.9.3 (2010)
:

:

SpiderMonkey, Rhino, KJS (JavaScript) (.), JavaScriptCore, V8
:

Self, , Scheme, Perl, Python, Java
:

Objective-J, Dart
JavaScript

Crystal source.svg

.js
MIME

text/javascript, application/javascript[3][ 1]

ECMAScript

JavaScript  - . ECMAScript[~ 1].

JavaScript . -.

: , , , , .

JavaScript , Java, [4]. JavaScript - , , -[~ 2][5].

«JavaScript» Oracle Corporation[6].

[]

[]

1992 Nombas ( Openwave (.)) Cmm (--), , , , , , [7]. . : , , . : , Cmm [8]. Cmm ScriptEase, , «» [7][9].

CEnvi. 1995 Nombas CEnvi, -. , , Espresso Pages  , . Espresso Pages , , , Cmm. 16- Netscape Navigator Windows[10].

[] JavaScript

, Netscape 4 1995 [11], Scheme - Netscape. , , , , HTTP[11]. , , (), . , (Tom Paquin),  (.), (Rick Schell), , Netscape , HTML- [4].

[11] [12] Netscape Communications  (.) - Sun Microsystems : , [13]. « » -: , , Java-, - , [11].

LiveScript , ( LiveWire)[13]. Java, , Java [13][11], 4 1995 LiveScript JavaScript[14], Sun. JavaScript Netscape Sun - Netscape Navigator[11]. , 28 - JavaScript [15].

1996 Microsoft JavaScript, JScript. 18 1996 [16]. , , Internet Explorer 3.0.

Netscape[17][18] ECMA. ECMAScript, ECMA-262. JavaScript 1.1, JScript ScriptEasy[7][13].

[]

«The Worlds Most Misunderstood Programming Language Has Become the Worlds Most Popular Programming Language»[19] ( (.) « »)  (.) , JavaScript AJAX, . JavaScript, , , .

Tiobe (.), Google, MSN, Yahoo!, YouTube, 2011 JavaScript 11 ( 12)[20].

JavaScript[21]
11 Yahoo «programming»
5 «programmer -job wanted»
7 Powell's Books (.)
7 Freshmeat
8 Google Code
1 Delicious «programming»
4 Ohloh , ,
5

Black Duck Software (.)[22] JavaScript . 36 % , 2008 2009 ., JavaScript, . 80 % , C++, Java, Shell JavaScript. JavaScript  , ( 2 , )[23].

JavaScript , -  (.)[24][25].

[]

JavaScript - , - . , JavaScript ,   , , , ,   .

, JavaScript :

[26], :

[]

JavaScript Java, Self, Smalltalk [19][27][ 2].

JavaScript:

  • ,
  • , , , ,
  • ,
  • //, /* */.

[]

JavaScript [28][29][30][31]:

JavaScript , [30].

JavaScript [32][33][ 3], DOM [34][~ 4]. BOM DOM [35][36].

[]

: ECMAScript

ECMAScript [28]. . ECMAScript , , , , , , .

[]

  [30][37], [38].   . window, BOM. [39][30], WHATWG[38][ 4] W3C[29][ 5].

, , [39][38]:

[]

: Document Object Model

  HTML XML-[40]. DOM, , , :

  • ,
  • ,
  • ,
  • .

[] -

[]

JavaScript- , <script></script>[ 6], , , <head>. <script> .

, «Hello, World!» :

<script type="text/javascript">
alert('Hello, World!');
</script>

[]

HTML , [ 7]. :

<a href="delete.php" onclick="return confirm(' ?');"></a>

confirm(' ?'); « ?», return false; . , JavaScript, .

JavaScript JavaScript . ( alertLink)

<a href="delete.php" id="alertLink"></a>

, , JavaScript:

window.onload = function() {
    var linkWithAlert = document.getElementById("alertLink");
    linkWithAlert.onclick = function() {
        return confirm(' ?');
    };
};

[]

JavaScript  , 

<script type="text/javascript" src="http://____"></script>

[] script

script, JavaScript, .

RFC-4329, [41] MIME-, JavaScript, :

[3]

, «text» . text/javascript text/ecmascript, «». , , .

  • application/javascript,
  • application/ecmascript,

, , .

, HTML 4.01 type [ 1] [3][42] "text/javascript". JavaScript , Netscape 2[ 8], type, XHTML, , , , , , HTML[43].

  • src, .
  • charset, src .
  • defer, , , ( , , , document.write()).

language (language="JavaScript"), ( 2008 <script>[44]), (deprecated), DTD, [ 9].

[]

[] -

: -

JavaScript -: - , ,   -, . - . , , - .

[] AJAX

: AJAX
b: AJAX ?

JavaScript AJAX, -, «» -. , - - , ( AJAX).

[] Comet

: Comet ()

Comet  , -, HTTP-, - . , . , JavaScript.

[]

: WebOS
eyeOS

JavaScript . , , IndraDesktop WebOS 75 % JavaScript[45], IntOS  70 %[46]. JavaScript eyeOS  5 %[47], JavaScript , [48].

[]

:

JavaScript , . URL- javascript:[49].

[]

  , JavaScript, . , , , -,  . .

Mozilla Firefox Greasemonkey; Opera[50][51][52] Google Chrome[53] Greasemonkey.

[]

, JavaScript, , Java 6 [54]. , JavaScript .

Java 6,  , () JavaScript . ( ,     ,    JavaScript   WWW.)

JavaScript
JavaScript ,    
Jaxer[55] SpiderMonkey[56] C++, C[57] GPL 3[58]
persevere-framework[59] Rhino Java[60] BSD[61]
Helma[62] Rhino Java, JavaScript[63] BSD- Helma License 2.0[64]
v8cgi V8 C++, JavaScript[65] BSD[66]
node.js V8 C++[67] MIT[68]

JavaScript Google[69]. , Google Sites JavaScript-, Rhino[70].

[]

Palm Palm webOS Mojo SDK [71] JavaScript [72][73].

[]

:

  -,  (.), , , -. JavaScript , . , JavaScript Apple Dashboard, Microsoft Gadgets (.), Yahoo!_Widgets (.), Google Gadgets, Klipfolio Dashboard (.).

[]

JavaScript-, Seed

JavaScript . , 16,4 % Mozilla Firefox JavaScript[74].

Google Chrome OS -[75].

GNOME JavaScript , GNOME Gjs, Seed (.)[76].

[]

JavaScript . Mozilla (XUL/Gecko) JavaScript. , , Java, 6, JavaScript Rhino[54]. JavaScript Adobe, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Dreamweaver, Adobe Illustrator Adobe InDesign.

[]

JavaScript , , -.

[] Microsoft Office

Excel Services 2010 [77] : REST API JavaScript Object Model (JSOM).

  • Excel Services 2010 REST API [78] , , ; , HTML, Atom, ; [78].
  • JSOM Excel Web Access (EWA), EWA. JSOM JavaScript , EWA[77].

[] OpenOffice.org

JavaScript  , , OpenOffice.org[79]. OpenOffice.org JavaScript Rhino[80]. 2009 JavaScript . , [80] OpenOffice.org JavaScript:

  • JavaScript Java, JavaScript;
  • JavaScript , ;
  • JavaScript-.

OpenOffice.org JavaScript-[81].

[]

, ( (.) Computer science) [82]. -, [83]. [84].

JavaScript   (.). , , , , [85].

«Professional JavaScript for Web Developers» JavaScript , , , [86] Computer science in JavaScript[~ 5].

[]

JavaScript JScript
1.0 (Netscape 2.0, 1996) 1.0 ( IE 3.0, 1996) JavaScript.
1.1 (Netscape 3.0, 1996) 2.0 ( IE 3.0, 1997) Array .
1.2 (Netscape 4.0, 1997) switch, . ECMA-262.
1.3 (Netscape 4.5, 1998) 3.0 (IE 4.0, 1997) ECMA-262.
1.4 ( Netscape Server) 4.0 (Visual Studio 6, IE) Netscape.
5.0 (IE 5.0, 1999)
5.1 (IE 5.01)
1.5 (Netscape 6.0, 2000;
Netscape Mozilla)		 5.5 (IE 5.5, 2000) 3 ( 1999). ECMA-262.
5.6 (IE 6.0, 2001)
1.6 (Gecko 1.8, Firefox 1.5, 2005) 3 : E4X, Array (, Array.prototype.forEach), Array String[87]
1.7 (Gecko 1.8.1, Firefox 2.0, 2006), JavaScript 1.6 3, JavaScript 1.6, (list comprehensions, [a*a for (a in iter)]) Python, let (var [a, b] = [1, 2])[88].
JScript .NET (ASP.NET; IE) (, JScript .NET ECMA)
1.8 (Gecko 1.9, Firefox 3.0, 2008), JavaScript 1.7 , -,  (.), reduce() reduceRight()[89].
1.8.1 (Gecko 1.9.1, Firefox 3.5) JSON, getPrototypeOf() Object, trim(), trimLeft(), trimRight() String[90]
2.0 4 ( [91], ECMA, [ 10])
5 ( ECMAScript 3.1[91]. 3 2009 [92][93].)

[] JavaScript

: JavaScript

- - JavaScript. .

JavaScript Adobe life, Dojo Toolkit, Extjs, jQuery, Mootools, Prototype, Qooxdoo (.), Underscore.

[]

JavaScript - ( , ). , -.

2009 , Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, Google Chrome, Opera .

Internet Explorer : Microsoft Visual Studio  , Microsoft Script Editor (.) ( Microsoft Office[94]), , , Microsoft Script Debugger, , . Microsoft Visual Web Developer Express JavaScript Microsoft Visual Studio. IE .

Opera   Opera Dragonfly[95].

- Firefox Firebug, Venkman (.).

Safari JavaScript WebKit Web Inspector[96]. , WebKit: Google Chrome, Arora, Rekonq, Midori .

[]

 (.) JavaScript- . HTML-,  (.), , . JsUnit (.) ( 2001 ), Selenium ( 2004 )[97].   . , , , Rhino[98]. Crosscheck, , Internet Explorer 6 Firefox 1.0 1.5[99]. JavaScript-,   env.js, . Rhino DOM[100].

Blue Ridge, - Ruby on Rails, JavaScript- , . Screw.Unit Rhino env.js[101].

, , , , , . , , [102][103]. , , , [104]. JsTestDriver, , Google, , [105]. Selenium Remote Control, Selenium: , HTTP- [106]. , Selenium Selenium Grid, JavaScript- , [107]. Testswarm, JavaScript- QUnit ( jQuery), UnitTestJS ( Prototype), JSSpec ( MooTools), JsUnit, Selenium Dojo Objective Harness, [108].

, JavaScript-  . , , . , JsUnitTest, , Prototype, Prototype, [109]. JavaScript   . YUI Test 3 Yahoo! UI Library JavaScript-[110]. QUnit  , jQuery[111].

[]

[]

JavaScript , ECMA 262 ECMAScript, 1996 .

Objective-J  JavaScript, JavaScript :

VBScript Microsoft, JavaScript, -. VBScript , Visual Basic Internet Explorer.

JSON, JavaScript, , JavaScript.

Scheme JavaScript , : JavaScript , , s-, -[112].

[] JavaScript Java

, JavaScript Java, [19]. C- , - -, :

  • Java , , JavaScript ;
  • Java , JavaScript ;
  • Java -; JavaScript ( JIT-).

[]

JavaScript , -. , , [113].

HotRuby  JavaScript Flash. , YARV. . [114]. HotRuby - -. - :

<script type="text/ruby">  </script>

HotRuby , [115]. JavaScript[116].

JavaScript
JavaScript s-mr[117] Andrei Formiga New BSD
PostScript WPS[118] Tom Hlavaty  ?
PDF
MOS Technology 6502 6502asm[119] Stian Soreng GPL
Objective-J Cappuccino[120] Ross Boucher LGPL
Haskell ycr2js[121] Tom Shackell, Neil Mitchell, Andrew Wilkinson, Mike Dodds, Bob Davie, Dimitry Golubovsky simple permissive license
Prolog Monash Toy Prolog[122] Lloyd Allison  ?
ioctl[123] Jan Grant  ?
Cat Cat Interpreter[124] Christopher Diggins
Scheme BiwaScheme[125] Yutaka Hara MIT
BASIC Quite BASIC[126] Nikko Strom
Lily (.) Lily[127] Bill Orcutt MIT
Forth wForth[128] K Jacobson  ?
PHP phype[129] casperbp, hjelmen0 Artistic license (.)[130]

[]

JavaScript-.

  • PHP HTML_Javascript, JavaScript-[131].
  • TCL  ::javascript. HTML JavaScript[132].
  • Perl Data::JavaScript Perl JavaScript-[133].

[]

JavaScript . Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Google Chrome, Opera ECMA-262. Mozilla Firefox , , 3.1, Internet Explorer 8[134].

, , [135]. 2009 [136].

, Internet Explorer Microsoft JavaScript , , JavaScript 3D-, JavaScript , Adobe Flash[137].

[]

ECMA-262 [138][139] Google ECMAScript Sputnik, [140] Google[140], sputniktests-webrunner[141] Google[142]. , Sputnik ECMA-262, [143].

ECMAScript 5 Conformance Suite[144] , Microsoft BSD[145], ECMAScript . 12 2010 1236 , 0.2 178[146].

JavaScript JavaScript Test Suite, Mozilla[147][148].

[]

JavaScript : -. :

  • JavaScript- , , (, , )[149],
  • JavaScript- , , , ( , document) , [150].

, . , , , [149].

[]

: ,

, JavaScript  XSS, . XSS , , . , , .

XSS - , [151].

CSRF. (, ). , HTTP cookie . , , . CSRF , . HTTP referer.

[]

, , JavaScript , , . , JavaScript , . , ; , , JavaScript; , , , JavaScript [152]; JavaScript, , .

[] ,

JavaScript , , , , . , .

, Mozilla Firefox[153], Internet Explorer[154], Safari[155]. - JavaScript [156][157].

, , Macromedia Flash ActiveX , Internet Explorer, , JavaScript, [158][159].

Mozilla Firefox : , . SecurityByte & Owasp AppSec Asia 2009 (Roberto Suggi Liverani) (Nick Freeman) Firefox, 30 [160].

[]

JavaScript , , . .

JavaScript Internet Explorer[161], Mozilla Firefox[162].

Microsoft Windows JavaScript , . [163].

[]

«JavaScript: , »[164][165] :

, JavaScript  . , . , . JavaScript : JavaScript: The Definitive Guide (5th Edition) by David Flanagan. ( : , , .)

[166][167]. .

[]

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[]

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  1. , Conformance ECMA-262, JavaScript ECMAScript.
  2. C#, PHP, Perl, Python, Java.
  3. JSAN (.).
  4. DOM , . , ES-Harmony , , , , DOM.
  5. 'Computer science in JavaScript' , , JavaScript MIT.

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