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Linux

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GNU/Linux ( GNU+Linux) Linux ([ˈlɪnəks][1][2] [ˈlɪnʊks][3][4][5]), ́  Unix- , . , Linux «» , ( ) , .

« Unix- » 1983 GNU, GNU GPL. 1990- , . 1991 ,   Linux GNU GPL. 1991 GNU/Linux Linux.

Linux -, Linux , . - . 2008 , « » , Fedora 9, 10,8  .[6] Linux 1  ( 1,4  .). 2008 Linux 225  . Linux 73 . -.[7][8]

Linux (Android, 50,9 % [   22 ]), - (60 %), (91 %), , Linux Foundation, - [9], (32 % 2009 [10]), Linux 3 1-2,5 % (   Ubuntu 20 ).   Windows, Mac OS Linux. (, 2-3 [9], 2005 7800 800 [11]) ( 9 2011 2012 Linux 64 %[12]).

Linux x86-, , x86-64, PowerPC ARM. Linux , .

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: GNU/Linux

GNU Linux «Linux» «GNU/Linux».[13][14] [15],   .

«GNU/Linux», . , GNU Linux   , GNU+Linux ( ), GNU-Linux ( ), GNU con Linux ( ), , «GNU Linux» (« ́»), , Linux GNU.[16] TCP/IP Ogg/Vorbis.

Linux [ˈlɪnəks] (AmE), [ˈlaɪnəks] (BrE), [ˈlɪnʊks] [ˈlɪnəks].[   35 ]

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1991 , [22] MINIX, ( ), , Linux.

Linux MINIX, , MINIX, Linux. , Linux , Linux[23]. GNU MINIX, GNU, , . GNU GPL , . Linux , ( ) GNU GPL.[24] GNU Linux (Linux).

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Linux : [25][26][26], , LAMP.[27]

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GNU/Linux , x86, x86-64, PowerPC, ARM, Alpha AXP, SPARC, Motorola 680x0, SuperH, IBM System/390, MIPS, PA-RISC, AXIS CRIS, Renesas M32R, Atmel AVR32, Renesas H8/300, NEC V850, Tensilica Xtensa .

, Windows Mac OS X, Linux . , ; . Linux  . [47][48], . [49] , . , , . , , .

UNIX-. Linux UNIX-,

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, , . Mozilla (Netscape, AOL), OpenOffice.org (Oracle), InterBase (Borland)  Firebird, SAP DB (SAP). IBM Linux .

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rpm-base: MyLinux[59]; Source-base: Blin[60] Grusha Linux[61]; deb-base: Ubuntu Install Box[62] Ubuntu DesktopPack[63]

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. : Microsoft Windows Linux#

«Security Report: Windows vs Linux»[68] (Nicholas Petreley) Linux Windows , Windows Server 2003 Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS v.3. -, , , , . , 38 % Windows Server 2003 ( Microsoft, 50 % ) , 10 % ( ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS v.3 . , US-CERT, Linux Windows , , , .

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[]

  1. Pronunciation of Linux. Safalra (14  2007). 15 2009.
  2. Linux. Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing ( 2006). 15 2009.
  3. (23 April 1992). "Re: How to pronounce Linux?". Retrieved on 2007-01-09.
  4. How to pronounce Linux?. 17 2006.
  5. Linus pronouncing Linux in English and Swedish. 20 2007.
  6. OpenNews: Linux 10
  7. Technology Academy Finland  Stem cell pioneer and open source software engineer are 2012 Millennium Technology Prize laureates
  8. Millennium Technology Prize 2012 /
  9. 1 2 How Linux is Built  YouTube
  10. Linux Windows 2013
  11. OpenNews: Linux
  12. Linux is the worlds fastest growing desktop OS  up 64 % in 9 months
  13. Why GNU/Linux?
  14. Interview: Richard Stallman | KernelTrap
  15. Linux. Jargon File. 21 2011.
  16. Richard Stallman. Why do you write «GNU/Linux» instead of «GNU Linux»?  (.). GNU/Linux FAQ. GNU Project (20012007). 21 2011. 30 2007.
  17. Origins and History of Unix, 19691995. Faqs.org. 22 2011.
  18. About the GNU Project Initial Announcement. Gnu.org (23  2008). 21 2011. 22 2011.
  19. Overview of the GNU System. Gnu.org. 21 2011. 22 2011.
  20. Linus vs. Tanenbaum debate. 21 2011.
  21. Mike Linksvayer. The Choice of a GNU Generation An Interview With Linus Torvalds. Meta magazine (1993). 21 2011. 20 2009.
  22. Linus Torvalds.. "What would you like to see most in minix?". comp.os.minix. (Google Groups). Retrieved on 2006-09-09.
  23. "Chicken and egg: How was the first linux gcc binary created??". comp.os.minix. (Google Groups).
  24. Linus Torvalds. Release notes for Linux v0.12. Linux Kernel Archives (5  1992).  «The Linux copyright will change: I've had a couple of requests to make it compatible with the GNU copyleft, removing the you may not distribute it for money condition. I agree. I propose that the copyright be changed so that it confirms to GNU pending approval of the persons who have helped write code. I assume this is going to be no problem for anybody: If you have grievances ("I wrote that code assuming the copyright would stay the same") mail me. Otherwise The GNU copyleft takes effect since the first of February. If you do not know the gist of the GNU copyright read it.»  21 2011. 23 2007.
  25. Anand Santhanam, Vishal Kulkarni. Linux system development on an embedded device. DeveloperWorks. IBM (1 March 2002). 21 2011. 26 2007.
  26. 1 2 Daniel Lyons. Linux rules supercomputers. Forbes. 22 2007.
  27. Michael Schrecker. Turn on Web Interactivity with LAMP. 21 2011. 22 2007.
  28. Peter Galli. Vista Aiding Linux Desktop, Strategist Says. eWEEK. Ziff Davis Enterprise (8  2007). 19 2007.
  29. Ryan Paul Linux market share set to surpass Win 98, OS X still ahead of Vista. Ars Technica (3  2007). 19 2007.
  30. Stan Beer. Vista to play second fiddle to XP until 2009: Gartner. iTWire (23  2007). 19 2007.
  31. Operating System Marketshare for Year 2007. Market Share. Net Applications (19  2007). 21 2011. 19 2007.
  32. Vista slowly continues its growth; Linux more aggressive than Mac OS during the summer. XiTiMonitor. AT Internet/XiTi.com (24  2007). 19 2007.
  33. Global Web Stats. W3Counter. Awio Web Services LLC (10  2007). 21 2011. 19 2007.
  34. June 2004 Zeitgeist. Google Press Center. Google Inc. (12  2004). 21 2011. 19 2007.
  35. Brazil's love of Linux. 21 2011. 21 2009.
  36. Mark Ashurst. Brazil falls in love with Linux. -- (1  2004). 21 2009.
  37. LV: Minister: "Open standards improve efficiency and transparency". 21 2011. 21 2009.
  38. Linux Spreads its Wings in India. 21 2011. 21 2009.
  39. Kerala shuts windows, schools to use only Linux. 21 2011. 22 2009.
  40. Chinas Microprocessor Dilemma. Microprocessor Report. 21 2011. 15 2009.
  41. Magalhães equipped with Linux Caixa Mágica. 21 2011.
  42. Oferta CM no programa e-Escolas surpreende o mercado. 21 2011.
  43. Some countries are choosing Linux systems over Microsoft. 21 2011. 21 2009.
  44. Tux
  45. Debian popularity-contest program information. 2 2012.
  46. 1 2 Manual page for «X» (xorg-docs 1:1.4-4 on Debian)
  47. SourceForge.net: Download and Develop Open Source Software for Free
  48. BerliOS  The Open Source Mediator
  49. «»   -.
  50. CNews: Linux 1
  51. http://ftp.altlinux.ru/pub/distributions/ALTLinux/Compact/2.3/docs/ch01.html ( )
  52. Operating System Market Share  (.). Net Applications.  2011 Microsoft Windows 88,91 %, Mac OS X  5,40 %, iOS 2,24 %, Java ME 1,01 %, Linux  0,94 %. 21 2011. 23 2011.
  53. OS Platform Statistics. W3Schools. 21 2011.
  54. Usage of Linux for websites  (.). W3 Techs.  2011 , Linux- 32 % - .. 21 2011. 23 2011.
  55. 2010  (.). TOP500 (???). 21 2011. 18 2010.
  56. Nokia Nokia N900 Maemo, Debian.
  57. , Linux , 10 2006
  58. distrowatch.com
  59. і «і». ї
  60. http://blin.zp.ua Linux ,  !
  61. http://linuxsam.org.ua/archives/4678 Grusha Linux
  62. http://ubuntu-box.at.ua/ Ubuntu Install Box
  63. http://ualinux.com/ubuntu-oem UALinux 
  64. Andy McCue. Gartner sounds desktop Linux warning. ZDNet (9 2005). 21 2011. 15 2007.
  65. Sharon Machlis. Living (and dying) with Linux in the workplace  A brief foray into Linux for the enterprise. Computerworld-Australia (22 2007). 21 2011. 15 2007.
  66. Ron Miller. Linux criticism revs up  backlash against success. Linux Planet (20 2004). 21 2011. 8 2007.
  67. Alexander Wolfe. Green Hills calls Linux «insecure» for defense. EE Times (9 2004). 21 2011. 18 2007.
  68. 1 2 Nicholas Petreley. Security Report: Windows vs Linux  (.). The Register (22 October 2004). 21 2011. 15 2011.
  69. Microsoft open-source . CNews (16 2010). 21 2011. 15 2011.
  70. Get the Facts Home. Microsoft. 21 2011. 14 2007.
  71. Windows v Linux security: the real facts. The Register (22 2004). 21 2011.
  72. MICROSOFT WINDOWS XP HOME EDITION (RETAIL) END-USER LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR MICROSOFT SOFTWARE. 21 2011.
  73. Joe Barr. The facts behind the «Get the Facts» ad campaign. Newsforge (24 2005). 21 2011. 14 2007.
  74. Microsoft Get the Facts. 21 2011.

[]

[]

b: Linux ?
commons: Linux ?
n: Linux ?
  • . . . Linux , 10 2005
  • , Linux! // Linux Format 86 (12), 2006, . 22-33  , 15- Linux: ,
    Linux (  )
Debian
Ubuntu
Red Hat
Fedora
Slackware
Gentoo
Mandriva
Arch Linux
SUSE
   UNIX-
   
    ()

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