GNU Free Documentation License . .

( )

( «Pascal»)
: ,
Nuvola apps important recycle.svg
 .
, . : Object Pascal, -2, Delphi . . , .
, .
, . .
:

,

:

1970, . 1992
():

:

.pas
:

, , (. Type safety)
:

CDC 6000, ICT 1900, Pascal-P, PDP-11, PDP-10, IBM System/370, HP, Free Pascal, GNU
:

UCSD, Turbo, Delphi
:

:

-2, , , , Object Pascal, Java[1][2][3], Oxygene

(. Pascal)  . , [4], , .

[]

, , , , .

19681969 -68. 1970 , , .

, , [5].   -2.

[]

[] UCSD Pascal

: UCSD Pascal

1978 - (, ) UCSD p-System, p-, , .[6], , , , , -, . .

[] Object Pascal

1986 Apple Computer , Object Pascal. , .

[] Turbo Pascal Object Pascal

: Turbo Pascal

1989 Borland Turbo Pascal 5.5 ( Borland Pascal). Object Pascal Apple, Turbo Pascal 5.5 Object Pascal Apple .

, Borland, Microsoft - .[7][8] .

Borland Object Pascal Borland, , Delphi, .

[] Object Pascal

Free Pascal GNU Pascal, , ( GNU Pascal 20 , 10 , Free Pascal , Turbo Pascal ( ), Delphi .

, Delphi 2003, Net, Delphi .

Free Pascal, GNU Pascal TMT Pascal .

, PascalABC.NET, .   Object Pascal Microsoft .NET, : , , , , , , , .

[]

() . . . , , , , , .

, : , , -, ,  . . « »[9] ( 1980-, -2, , , ). ISO- 1982 , , , .

, . , 1970- ( , ), . 1980- . .  - « ».

, , Turbo Pascal Borland, DOS ( 5.5) Windows Delphi, .

, Turbo Pascal DOS Delphi Windows, - .

[]

1970  , , , . 1974  (Kathleen Jensen).[10] , ISO ANSI. , : Unextended Pascal (), Extended Pascal (), Object-Oriented Extensions to Pascal (- ).

Pascal: , ISO ANSI
/
Pascal Standard . , 1974
Pascal Standard ISO 7185:1983
ANSI/IEEE 770X3.97:1983		 1982
Unextended Pascal ISO 7185:1990 1989
Extended Pascal ANSI/IEEE 770X3.160:1989 1989
ISO/IEC 10206 1991
Object-Oriented
Extensions to Pascal		 - ANSI/X3-TR-13:1994 1993

- Extended Pascal , .

. ; UCSD Pascal, Object Pascal Apple, Turbo Pascal Borland ( Apple) . .

[]

, , if, then, else, while, for,  . . , , -60, , , , , . -67, -68, AlgolW .

(Free Pascal) , .

[] Hello world

program ( ), ; , , , , . begin end. , , . .

, :

program p;
begin
end.

.

, «Hello, World!»:

program HelloWorld(output);
begin
  writeln('Hello, World!')  {    }
end.

[]

: (real), (integer), (char), (boolean) ( , ).

:

Byte 0..255 1
ShortInt 128..127 1
SmallInt 32768..32767 2
Word 0..65535 2
Integer -32768..32767 2
Cardinal =LongWord 4
LongWord 0..4294967295 4
LongInt 2147483648..2147483647 4
Int64 9223372036854775808..9223372036854775807 8
QWord 0..18446744073709551615 8

:

Real/Double  ??? 8
Real48  ??? 11-12 6
Single 1.5E-45..3.4E38 7-8 4
Extended 1.9E-4932..1.1E4932 19-20 10
Comp 2E64+1..2E63-1 19-20 8
Currency 922337203685477.5808..922337203685477.5807 19-20 8 
var {    }
  r: Real;  {    }
  i: Integer;  {    }
  c: Char;  { - }
  b: Boolean;  {   }
  s: String; {   }
  t: Text; {      }
  e: (apple, pear, banana, orange, lemon);  {  - }

Pascal (byte, shortint, word, integer, longint ) . :

: not, and, or, xor. , () , () .

(ordinal), ( ), (boolean), (char), -.

(), ord. , , .

:

var
  x: 1..10;
  y: 'a'..'z';
  z: pear..orange;

inc, dec, succ, pred, ord, (= > < => <= <>), case, for ( ), , -.

, - , boolean char .

, :

var
  set1: set of 1..10;
  set2: set of 'a'..'z';
  set3: set of pear..orange;

  , .

. , . , :

if i in [5..10] then  {      }
...

, 

if (i>4) and (i<11) then  {    }
...

, ( ):

var {    }
 d:set of char;
begin  {   }
 d:=['a','b']; 
...

; , .

[11] string, (+) (> < = <> >= <=). . , , .

string [n] string 1970-1990- array [0..n] of char (n 80 UCSD Pascal 255 Turbo/Borland Pascal), , 255 . Delphi FreePascal String AnsiString, , 2 . , Delphi Free Pascal string WideString, 16- UCS-2, .

:

type {    }
  x = Integer;
  y = x;
...

, :

type {    }
  a = Array [1..10] of Integer;  {   }
  b = record  {   }
        x: Integer;
        y: Char;
      end;
  c = File of a;  {   }

, .

,   . - , f^. get ( ) put ( ) . , read(f, x) , get(f); x:=f^. , , write(f, x) , f^ := x; put(f). text file of char (, ), - -.

file. - , blockread blockwrite ( UCSD).

[]

( ^ pointer):

type 
  a = ^b;
  b = record
        x: Integer;
        y: Char;
        z: a;
      end;
var
  pointer_to_b:a;

pointer_to_b  b, . , . , , , . , , , , (. :   nil).

( : ^).

10 A a b , :

new(pointer_to_b);  {    }
 
pointer_to_b^.x := 10;  {        }
pointer_to_b^.y := 'A';
pointer_to_b^.z := nil;
...
dispose(pointer_to_b);  {   -  }

with, :

new(pointer_to_b);
 
with pointer_to_b^ do
begin
  x := 10;
  y := 'A';
  z := nil
end;
...
dispose(pointer_to_b);

[]

. TP . ( ), . , . .

type myfunc=function:string;
 
function func1:string;
begin
 func1:='func N 1'
end;
 
function func2:string;
begin
 func2:='func N 2'
end;
 
var fun:myfunc;
begin
 fun:=@func1;
 writeln(fun) {   func1}
end.

[]

  , , ,   GOTO.

while a <> b do  {    }
  writeln('');
 
if a > b then  {   }
  writeln(' ')
else           { else- -  }
  writeln('  ');
 
for i := 1 to 10 do  {   }
  writeln(' №', i:1);
 
for i in [1..10] do {     }
  writeln(' №', i:1); {    2.4.0 }
 
with a do { With -      }
  begin
    l:=1;
    k:=2;
    p:=-3;
  end;
 
repeat  {    }
  a := a + 1
until a = 10;
 
case i of  {     }
  0: write('');
  1: write('');
  2: write('')
  else write(' ') { else- -  }
end;

while, for, if, case . , , .

Turbo Pascal ,   , -, :

  assign(inp,'text.txt');
  {$I-} {   IO checking-        - }
        { ( ,    )} 
  reset(inp);
  {$I+} {    IO checking }
  if IOresult=0 then begin {    ioresult(<>0    -) }
    ...
    close(inp);
  end else writeln('file not found')

, C/C++ ($ifdef, $define, $include), .

[]

:

( procedure function, , , ), , ;.

program mine(output);
 
var i : integer;
 
procedure print(var j: integer);
 
  function next(k: integer): integer;
  begin
    next := k + 1
  end;
 
begin
  writeln(': ', j);
  j := next(j)
end;
 
begin
  i := 1;
  while i <= 10 do
    print(i)
end.

, , . , ,   .

, , , (, , ), /, . , .

/ forward, , / , .

, - ,   .

[]

, #include : , , , {$INCLUDE ""}, , . , , , . , .

( UCSD Pascal) . : , , , program , , , , , , , , .

[]

:

unit UnitName1;
interface
  ...
 
implementation
  ...
 
begin { -,     }
  ...
end.

:

unit UnitName2;
interface
  ...
 
implementation
  ...
 
initialization
  ...
 
finalization
  ....
 
end.

, UNIT, . , , , , . : , .

, INTERFACE , . (, , ,   ), . : , . , , .   , . , , . , , , , .

IMPLEMENTATION. , , , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , ( ), , , . , .

BEGIN. , . , , . . , , Delphi, ( )  INITIALIZATION FINALIZATION. , .   ,  , ,   ,  , . ,   , , .

END .

[]

, , . , USES, , . , INTERFACE, .

, ,   , . ( IMPLEMENTATION), , , . , . , .

, . , . , , ,   .   «<_>.<_>».

, . ( ), . , , , , .

[]

  , , . , , . , .

  • ( ), , , . , . , , .
  • . , . ( ), , . , , .

[]

: , , . , . , , .

, ( , , ), , . , , , , .

, , , , , . ,   . , ,   .

[] -

.
, .

- ()  , , , .

  . .

  - , , , ( ) - , , , .

Object Pascal object, record, ( ). .

, procedure constructor destructor. , ++- , , ( , Destroy, -).

, , ( virtual ). ( TP virtual ; Delphi FreePascal message,   dynamic), VMT ( FreePascal ).

Delphi, FPC , , private, protected, public, published ( public):

type
  TbasicO = object
    procedure writeByte (b:byte); virtual; abstract;
  end;
 
  TtextO =object (TbasicO) { TbasicO,       writeByte}
    procedure writeS (s: string); 
    {..}
  end;
 
  TfileO = object (TbasicO) {   -        }
    constructor init (n: string);
    procedure writeByte (b: byte); virtual; 
    destructor closefile;
  private
    f: file of byte; 
  end;
 
  basicO = ^TbasicO; 
  textO = ^TtextO; 
  fileO = ^TfileO;
 
   constructor TfileO.init (n: string);
   begin
     assign (f, n);
     rewrite (f)
   end;
 
   destructor TfileO.closefile;
   begin
     close (f)
   end; 
 
   procedure TfileO.writeByte (b: byte);
   begin
     write (f, b)
   end;   
 
   procedure TtextO.writeS (s: string); 
   var i: integer;
   begin
     for i:=1 to length(s) do 
       writeByte (ord(s[i]))
   end;
   {..}  
 
var f: fileO;
begin
  new (f, init('tstobj.txt')); {      }
  textO(f)^.writeS ('text string');
  dispose (f, closefile)      {     }
end.

Delphi class ( object- ) (interface)  .

( class) TObject, IUnknown. , class, .

Delphi COM Microsoft.

(Class) (Object) / , Create, , Destroy ( ). object , nil , TObject free, nil Destroy. :

  q1 := t1.create(9); {  (t1 -  ) }
  writeln (q1.InstanceSize);  {     }
  q1.Free; {   }
  q1 := nil; {         free }

ObjectPascal/Delphi/FreePascal (property), ( ) , :

type 
  TMyObj=class(TObject)
    FProp:integer;
    procedure SetProp(AValue:integer);
    property MyProp:integer read FProp write SetProp;
  end;
  procedure TMyObj.SetProp(AValue:integer);
  begin
    FProp:=AValue;
    Writeln('Somebody has changed MyProp!');
  end;
var MyObj:TMyObj;
begin
  MyObj:=TMyObj.Create;
  MyObj.FProp:=5;
  MyObj.MyProp:=MyObj.MyProp+6;
end.

( MyObj.FProp) , , , ; , , , . , , .

, : , , , , , «» . , , , 

   MyObj.SetProp(MyObj.GetProp+6);

MyObj.GetProp .

, , , .

, «»: , , , var-.

[] .

[]

  1. White Paper. About Microsofts «Delegates», java.sun.com
  2. History of Java, Java Application Servers Report TechMetrix Research, 1999
  3. A Conversation with James Gosling
  4. TIOBE (.)
  5. «The guiding idea was to construct a genuine successor of Pascal meeting the requirements of system engineering, yet also to satisfy my teachers urge to present a systematic, consistent, appealing, and teachable framework for professional programming.»  Wirth N. Modula-2 and Oberon (HOPL III)
  6. Wirth N. Recollections about the development of Pascal (HOPL II), 3.3
  7. Jon Udell, Crash of the Object-Oriented Pascals, BYTE, July, 1989.
  8. M. I. Trofimov, The End of Pascal?, BYTE, March, 1990, p. 36.
  9. Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language
  10. PASCAL: User Manual and Report ISO Pascal Standard Kathleen Jensen and Niklaus Wirth, 4th edition, Springer Verlag New York, Inc. 1974, 1985, 1991
  11. ISO 7185 Pascal

[]

  • ., . . .  .: , 1982.  . 151.
  • . + = .  .: , 1985.  . 406.
  • . .  .: , 1982.  . 384.
  • . .  : .  .: , 1989.  . 128.  ISBN 5-256-00311-9
  • .. Delphi 6. Object Pascal.  .: -, 2001.  . 528.  ISBN 5-94157-112-7
  • . . (Pascal). .  .: , 2005.  . 576.  ISBN 5-8459-0935-X
  • .. Windows: 2- . . .  .: , 1993.

[]

    (  IDE    )

IEC 61131-3
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