UNIX
UNIX 1969 Bell Labs AT&T. UNIX-. «UNIX»; , , «UNIX-» (. Unix-like). UNIX- UNIX, UNIX- .
UNIX- :
UNIX- , . Microsoft Windows, UNIX (Mac OS X), (GNU/Linux) .
UNIX- : BSD, Solaris, Linux, Android, MeeGo, NeXTSTEP, Mac OS X, Apple iOS.
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1957 Bell Labs . ( ) BESYS. Multics, Bell Labs.
1964 , BESYS . , General Electric Multics. AT&T, Bell Labs, , 1969 , .
[] UNIX
1969 , , MULTICS, (DEC PDP-7), , UNICS (UNIplexed Information and Computing System) MULTICS (MULTIplexed Information and Computing Service). UNIX.
1971 PDP-11, 1970- ( , «», , , , ). « » (Edition 1) . UNIX 1 1970.
UNIX . 1969 (B), ( ) 1966 BCPL. , BCPL, . 1972 UNIX, . 19691973 , (C).
1973 UNIX, . 15 , ( Multics, /1), 1975 , .
1974 UNIX . 1975 , Bell Labs, . 1975 Bell Labs , [1].
1978 600 , , . UNIX. Bourne shell.
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1980- AT&T, Bell Labs, UNIX UNIX. , 1982 , UNIX System III .
, UNIX - , 1956 . AT&T , , . , - UNIX , , . 1973 ( ) [2].
1978 BSD UNIX, . . 1979 , 3BSD, . BSD , . BSD .
UNIX 1980 TCP/IP. UNIX UUCP ( UNIX- , ).
: Berkley sockets ( ) TLI (. Transport Layer Interface). Berkley sockets TCP/IP, . TLI AT&T OSI System V 3. TLI , TCP/IP , . TCP/IP System V 4. , ( , ), UNIX BSD ( ) System V ( AT&T). , , System V AT&T, UNIX, AIX, CLIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Solaris.
1983 BSD 4.2, Ethernet Arpanet. . 1983 1990 BSD , , NFS, VFS, .
AT&T , System V. 1983 1 (SVR1 System V Release 1), vi, curses, -, inode. 2 (SVR2), 1984, (file locking), (demand paging), (copy-on-write). 3 1987 , , TLI, RFS. 4 (SVR4), Sun 18 1988, BSD, TCP/IP, , csh. , , , ksh, NFS ( SunOS) . .
UNIX, , V BSD . System V, BSD.
[] UNIX-
1983 GNU UNIX- , . , , GNU toolchain, Glibc ( ) Coreutils . , UNIX, GNU, . GNU Hurd Mach .
1991 , Linux , , GNU, . GNU Linux , , GNU/Linux. ( Red Hat Debian), , GNU , .
1992 386/BSD, Networking Release 2, BSDI $995 « » 99 % System V. UNIX Systems Laboratories BSDI, , UNIX , USL. 1992 USL , . 1993 386/BSD NetBSD. 1993 FreeBSD, . USL Novell 1993 BSD. 1994 CSRG Novell 18000 Networking Release 2, , 70 USL. 1994 «» 4.4BSD-Lite. BSDI, NetBSD FreeBSD «» 4.4BSD-Lite. , , USL, . . OpenBSD, TrustedBSD DragonFlyBSD.
14 2005 Solaris. , , OpenSolaris. 17 , , SchilliX. 2008 OpenSolaris 2008.05. OpenSolaris, BeleniX Nexenta OS.
GNU/Linux BSD UNIX- , . , , Apple , NEXTSTEP , NeXT Darwin Apple. BSD Mach. Darwin BSD UNIX Mac OS X UNIX.
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1993 Novell X/Open, Open Software Foundation, The Open Group. , IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Sun, NASA . , Single UNIX Specification, POSIX. The Open Group, UNIX , Single UNIX Specification.
1995 Novell System V Santa Cruz Operation. 2000 Santa Cruz Operation UNIX- Caldera, SCO Group. SCO, Santa Cruz Operation, .
SCO Group , UNIX UNIX- , . Novell , Santa Cruz Operation , , SCO Group, Novell, . 2009 , [3]. 2010 , ( 2010) Novell SCO Group [4].
[] UNIX
, UNIX, . UNIX- .
Multics, UNIX , ( ).
, , . , ( , ) , ( IOCTL ) « ».
UNIX Multics . [] , , , . [] , Multics.
, , , Multics, UNIX. UNIX , , , , , JCL IBM. , , . , . , UNIX, , , .
UNIX - , . UNIX . - , - UNIX - , . , , . . (. pipelines). UNIX , . [] , , , Telnet, FTP, SMTP, HTTP .
UNIX , ed UNIX. , UNIX-, (POSIX).
, UNIX, UNIX . «» , . , , , , , . . , , gets scanf. , , , .
UNIX TCP/IP , . , , , UNIX.
UNIX , , UNIX. (...)
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UNIX , , RSX-11 VMS. , UNIX (, ), ) , ) , , «» . , «» , UNIX VAX, 68xxx, .
UNIX, « » ( 1980 , , /usr/games/fortune).
UNIX, , - . DEC VMS. , , UNIX, , , UNIX.
, UNIX .
UNIX RISC- 1989 . . . workstations , , (, ) , , CAD. Sun Microsystems, .
RISC- Motorola 68xxx, , Apple ( , Apple).
workstations, , x86 ( ) MS-DOS ( , , , ), ( 640) MS-DOS , IBM PC. «» (EMS, XMS, DPMI) ( «» 386, high-end), (, CAD) PC, workstation .
1989 RISC-, , x86 68xxx, . (Sun ) UNIX , UNIX.
, UNIX .
, VMS, ( RISC , , BLISS), UNIX .
UNIX , UNIX , ( MS-DOS ).
PC GUI Windows 3.0. GUI, , , , , . UNIX PC , SCO Interactive UNIX, Windows- - API . GUI UNIX, X11 ( , ), PC X11 16 , Windows 3.1 Word, Excel 8 ( PC ). .
Windows GUI Microsoft Windows NT, Windows API, , UNIX , , , , . Windows NT NTFS, UNIX UNIX Veritas .
Windows NT - ( 16 ), Microsoft , , . Microsoft, , , , Oracle Sun. , Microsoft SQL Server Sybase SQL Server, Sybase 99 % .
UNIX Microsoft, , MS MS-DOS, MS Internet ( Internet Explorer , IE Windows, ), UNIX.
1990- Microsoft UNIX . , , , Intel' x86- RISC- Pentium, PC, workstations , Windows NT .
, 3D-, , workstation 2000- .
, Microsoft , , - UNIX- , Windows.
, UNIX-, UNIX- , Solaris, .
UNIX.
GPL.
, , , --- --- , gcc, GNU ( UNIX) .
UNIX . . « » BSD, System V ( , , Linux namei bread), ( , /proc, sysctk) .
Linux . , UNIX ( Minix ), -.
Linux FreeBSD, «» «» Linux, , , FreeBSD Linux, .
Linux :
- , Oracle
- IBM
- Windows
- Windows
- Linux
- Android
Linux , .
[] UNIX
UNIX, .
- , , .
- , .
- , ( , , RSX-11).
- « ».
- fork(), .
- stdin/stdout/stderr.
- / .
- /, VMS Windows NT.
- , ( RSX-11 VMS , , , , ).
- , ( RSX-11, RT-11).
- , , ( VMS, RSX-11, RT-11 , ).
- /dev, , Windows, , (, ) - ( ).
- , , , , Windows.
- .
- «» .
- (pipe).
- , init, , « ».
- , «» , VMS Windows NT, .
- VMS.
- , .
- APC , ( ) , (Windows, VMS).
- UNIX, , Windows.
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UNIX , UNIX.
1980 /usr/group. 19841985 .
System V Interface Definition (SVID), UNIX System Laboratories (USL) UNIX System V Release 4. , , .
UNIX System V UNIX BSD. , System V BSD, POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX). POSIX, POSIX 1003.1-1988, (API, Application Programming Interface). UNIX, . (...) 1990 IEEE IEEE 1003.1-1990, ISO/IEC 9945.
(...):
- POSIX 1003.2-1992, , ;
- POSIX 1003.1b-1993, POSIX 1003.1-1988, ;
- POSIX 1003.1c-1995, POSIX 1003.1-1988, (threads), pthreads.
POSIX IEEE 1003.
1990- The Open Group , POSIX Common API Specification, Spec 1170. ́ , POSIX, , IEEE .
1998 . . Single UNIX Specification Version 3 [5].
, , GNU/Linux, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. , , , GNU/Linux, .
[] UNIX
- : touch, ls, mv, rm, cp, ln, pwd, cd, mkdir, rmdir, find, du;
- : more, less, ed, ex, vi, emacs;
- : echo, cat, grep, sort, uniq, sed, awk, tee, head, tail, cut, tr, split, printf;
- : comm, cmp, diff, patch;
- : yes, test, xargs, expr;
- : chmod, chown, ps, su, w, who, df, mount, umount;
- : mail, telnet, ftp, finger, rsh, ssh;
- : sh, bash, csh, ksh, tcsh, zsh;
- : cc, gcc, ld, nm, yacc, bison, lex, flex, ar, ranlib, make;
- : compress, uncompress, gzip, gunzip, tar
- : od, strings
60 1 UNIX:
- ar, as
- b, bas, bcd, boot
- cat, chdir, check, chmod, chown, cmp, cp
- date, db, dbppt, dc, df, dsw, dtf, du
- ed
- find, for, form
- hup
- lbppt, ld, ln, ls
- mail, mesg, mkdir, mkfs, mount, mv
- nm
- od
- pr
- rew, rkd, rkf, rkl, rm, rmdir, roff
- sdate, sh, stat, strip, su, sum
- tap, tm, tty, type
- un
- wc, who, write
. UNIX-
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- (Lions' Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code,
[1], [2] (.)) - UNIX / . . .: , 2003. . 33.
- Novell Unix (25.08.09). 21 2011. 10 2010.
- SCO Novell (14.06.10). 22 2011. 14 2010.
- The Open Group Single UNIX Specification Version 3 (1998). 22 2011. 10 2010.
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. ? (.). (01.06.10). 10 2010.
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- , , , . Unix Linux: , 4- = Unix and Linux System Administration Handbook, 4ed. .: «», 2011. 1312 . ISBN 978-5-8459-1740-9
- . ., . ., . . UNIX. 2- . .: -, 2010. 656 . ISBN 978-5-94157-538-1 681.3.06 32.973.26-018.2
- . Unix. 10 = Sams Teach Yourself Unix in 10 Minutes. .: «», 2006. . 272. ISBN 0-672-32764-3
- C. . Unix = Art of Unix Programming. .: «», 2005. . 544. ISBN 0-13-142901-9
- . Unix. . . . 4- . "-", 2007. . 864. ISBN 5-91136-031-4
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