GNU Free Documentation License . .

UNIX

: ,
UNIX-

UNIX ( ́)  , .

UNIX 1969  Bell Labs AT&T. UNIX-. «UNIX»; , , «UNIX-» (. Unix-like). UNIX- UNIX, UNIX- .

UNIX- :

  • ;
  • , ;
  •   ;
  • ;
  • , .

UNIX- , . Microsoft Windows, UNIX (Mac OS X), (GNU/Linux) .

UNIX- , . , Unix- .

UNIX- : BSD, Solaris, Linux, Android, MeeGo, NeXTSTEP, Mac OS X, Apple iOS.

[]

[]

Unix

1957 Bell Labs . ( ) BESYS. Multics, Bell Labs.

1964 , BESYS . , General Electric Multics. AT&T, Bell Labs, , 1969 , .

[] UNIX

  UNIX

UNIX 1960- Bell Labs, , .

1969 , , MULTICS, (DEC PDP-7), ,   UNICS (UNIplexed Information and Computing System)  MULTICS (MULTIplexed Information and Computing Service). UNIX.

1971 PDP-11, 1970- ( , «», , , , ). « » (Edition 1) . UNIX 1 1970.

UNIX . 1969 (B), ( ) 1966 BCPL. , BCPL, . 1972 UNIX, . 19691973 , (C).

1973 UNIX, . 15 , ( Multics, /1), 1975  , .

1974 UNIX . 1975 , Bell Labs, . 1975 Bell Labs , [1].

1978 600 , , .[   716 ] UNIX. Bourne shell.

[]

1980- AT&T, Bell Labs, UNIX UNIX. , 1982 , UNIX System III .

, UNIX - , 1956 . AT&T , , . , - UNIX , , . 1973 ( ) [2].

1978 BSD UNIX, . . 1979 , 3BSD, . BSD , . BSD .

UNIX 1980 TCP/IP. UNIX   UUCP ( UNIX- , ).

: Berkley sockets ( ) TLI (. Transport Layer Interface). Berkley sockets TCP/IP, . TLI AT&T OSI System V 3. TLI , TCP/IP , . TCP/IP System V 4. , ( , ), UNIX  BSD ( ) System V ( AT&T). , , System V AT&T, UNIX, AIX, CLIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Solaris.

1983 BSD 4.2, Ethernet Arpanet. . 1983 1990 BSD , , NFS, VFS, .

AT&T , System V. 1983 1 (SVR1  System V Release 1), vi, curses, -, inode. 2 (SVR2), 1984, (file locking), (demand paging), (copy-on-write). 3 1987 , , TLI, RFS. 4 (SVR4), Sun 18 1988, BSD, TCP/IP, , csh. , , , ksh, NFS ( SunOS) . .

UNIX, , V BSD . System V, BSD.

[] UNIX-

1983 GNU  UNIX- , . , ,  GNU toolchain, Glibc ( ) Coreutils  . , UNIX, GNU, . GNU Hurd  Mach  .

1991 , Linux , , GNU, . GNU Linux , , GNU/Linux. ( Red Hat Debian), , GNU , .

1992 386/BSD, Networking Release 2, BSDI $995 « » 99 % System V.[   716 ] UNIX Systems Laboratories BSDI, , UNIX , USL. 1992 USL , . 1993 386/BSD NetBSD. 1993   FreeBSD, . USL Novell 1993 BSD. 1994 CSRG Novell 18000 Networking Release 2, , 70 USL. 1994 «» 4.4BSD-Lite. BSDI, NetBSD FreeBSD «» 4.4BSD-Lite. , , USL, . . OpenBSD, TrustedBSD DragonFlyBSD.

14 2005 Solaris. , , OpenSolaris. 17 , , SchilliX. 2008 OpenSolaris 2008.05. OpenSolaris, BeleniX Nexenta OS.

GNU/Linux BSD UNIX- , . , , Apple , NEXTSTEP , NeXT Darwin Apple. BSD Mach. Darwin BSD UNIX Mac OS X UNIX.

[]

AT&T, UNIX , , Novell.

1993 Novell X/Open, Open Software Foundation, The Open Group. , IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Sun, NASA . , Single UNIX Specification, POSIX. The Open Group, UNIX , Single UNIX Specification.

1995 Novell System V Santa Cruz Operation. 2000 Santa Cruz Operation UNIX- Caldera, SCO Group. SCO, Santa Cruz Operation, .

SCO Group , UNIX UNIX- , . Novell , Santa Cruz Operation , , SCO Group, Novell, . 2009 , [3]. 2010 , ( 2010) Novell SCO Group [4].

[] UNIX

, UNIX, . UNIX- .

Multics, UNIX , ( ).

, , . , ( , ) , ( IOCTL ) « ».

UNIX Multics . [] , , , . [] , Multics.

, , , Multics[   716 ], UNIX. UNIX , , , , , JCL IBM. , , . , . , UNIX, , , .

UNIX - , . UNIX   . - , - UNIX - , . , , . . (. pipelines). UNIX , . [] , , , Telnet, FTP, SMTP, HTTP .

UNIX , ed UNIX. , UNIX-, (POSIX).

, UNIX, UNIX . «» , . , , , , ,  . . , , gets scanf. , , , .

UNIX .

UNIX TCP/IP , . , , , UNIX.

UNIX , , UNIX. (...)

[] -

UNIX , , RSX-11 VMS. , UNIX (, ), ) , ) , , «» . , «»   , UNIX VAX, 68xxx, .

UNIX, « » ( 1980 , , /usr/games/fortune).

UNIX, ,   - . DEC VMS. , , UNIX, , , UNIX.

, UNIX .

UNIX RISC- 1989 . . . workstations  , , (, ) , , CAD. Sun Microsystems, .

RISC- Motorola 68xxx, , Apple ( , Apple).

workstations, , x86 ( ) MS-DOS ( , , , ), ( 640) MS-DOS , IBM PC. «» (EMS, XMS, DPMI) ( «» 386, high-end), (, CAD) PC, workstation .

1989 RISC-, , x86 68xxx, . (Sun ) UNIX , UNIX.

, UNIX .

, VMS, ( RISC , , BLISS), UNIX .

UNIX , UNIX , ( MS-DOS ).

PC GUI Windows 3.0. GUI, , , , , . UNIX PC  , SCO Interactive UNIX, Windows- - API . GUI UNIX, X11 ( , ), PC   X11 16 , Windows 3.1 Word, Excel 8 ( PC ). .

Windows GUI Microsoft Windows NT, Windows API, , UNIX  , , , , . Windows NT NTFS, UNIX   UNIX Veritas .

Windows NT - ( 16 ), Microsoft , , . Microsoft, , , , Oracle Sun. , Microsoft  SQL Server  Sybase SQL Server, Sybase 99 % .

UNIX Microsoft, , MS MS-DOS, MS Internet ( Internet Explorer , IE Windows, ), UNIX.

1990- Microsoft UNIX . , , , Intel' x86- RISC-  Pentium, PC, workstations ,   Windows NT  .

, 3D-, , workstation 2000- .

, Microsoft , , - UNIX- , Windows.

, UNIX-, UNIX- , Solaris, .

UNIX.

80- , ( UNIX) .

GPL.

, , , --- --- , gcc, GNU ( UNIX) .

UNIX . . « » BSD, System V ( , , Linux namei bread), ( , /proc, sysctk)  .

Linux . , UNIX ( Minix ),     -.

Linux FreeBSD, «» «» Linux, , , FreeBSD Linux, .

Linux :

  • , Oracle
  • IBM
  • Windows
  • Windows
  • Linux
  • Android

Linux , .

[] UNIX

UNIX, .

  • , , .
  • , .
  • , ( , , RSX-11).
  • « ».
  • fork(), .
  • stdin/stdout/stderr.
  • / .
  • /, VMS Windows NT.
  • , ( RSX-11 VMS , , , , ).
  • , ( RSX-11, RT-11).
  • , , ( VMS, RSX-11, RT-11 , ).
  • /dev, , Windows, , (, ) - ( ).
  • , , , , Windows.
  • .
  • «» .
  • (pipe).
  • , init, , « ».
  • , «» , VMS Windows NT, .
  • VMS.
  • , .
  • APC , ( ) , (Windows, VMS).
  • UNIX, , Windows.

[]

X

UNIX , UNIX.

1980 /usr/group. 19841985 .

System V Interface Definition (SVID), UNIX System Laboratories (USL) UNIX System V Release 4. , , .

UNIX System V UNIX BSD. , System V BSD, POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX). POSIX, POSIX 1003.1-1988, (API, Application Programming Interface). UNIX, . (...) 1990 IEEE IEEE 1003.1-1990,   ISO/IEC 9945.

(...):

  • POSIX 1003.2-1992, , ;
  • POSIX 1003.1b-1993, POSIX 1003.1-1988,  ;
  • POSIX 1003.1c-1995, POSIX 1003.1-1988,  (threads), pthreads.

POSIX IEEE 1003.

1990- The Open Group , POSIX   Common API Specification, Spec 1170. ́ , POSIX, , IEEE .

1998 . . Single UNIX Specification Version 3 [5].

UNIX- ELF  SVR4 . [   716 ] .

, , GNU/Linux, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. , , , GNU/Linux, [   716 ].

[] UNIX

man .
    .

60 1 UNIX:

. UNIX-

[]

  1. (Lions' Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code, [1], [2] (.))
  2. UNIX / . . .: , 2003. . 33.
  3. Novell Unix (25.08.09). 21 2011. 10 2010.
  4. SCO Novell (14.06.10). 22 2011. 14 2010.
  5. The Open Group Single UNIX Specification Version 3 (1998). 22 2011. 10 2010.

[] .

[]

[]

[]

. ?  (.). (01.06.10). 10 2010.

[]

[]

[]

[]